Материал: Uchebnik_dlya_sud_expertov

6. ' 1837 ., ! 1982 .

' . & -

.

"No will shall be valid unless:

(a)it is in writing, and signed by the testator or some other person in his presence and by his direction; and

(b)it appears that the testator intended by his signature to give effect to the will; and

(c)the signature is made or acknowledged by the testator in the presence of two or more witnesses present at the same time; and

(d)each witness either-

(e)attests and signs the will; or

(f)acknowledges his signature in the presence of the testator (but not necessarily in the presence of any other witness), but no form of attestation shall be necessary."

7. % ! - . !, ' #-

#' (-

! ( . ' 1837 .). %

, .

Ted writes out a will leaving all his property to his wife. He phones his friends Al and Bill to come over and witness the will. While he is waiting for them to arrive, he signs his will. When Al and Bill arrive he shows them the will and says “You see I’ve signed it at the bottom.” Al signs his own name and then leaves. While Ted is out of the room saying goodbye to Al, Bill signs the will. When Ted comes back in Bill says “Look, here’s my signature.”

UNIT 5. TEST YOURSELF

1. ' .

The English word 'law' refers to limits upon various ___1_______. Some laws are

___2______: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is the rather consistent law of gravity; another is the less consistent laws of economics. Other laws are ______3_____ — they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed lim-

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its imposed upon drivers that prescribe how fast we should drive. They rarely describe how fast we actually do drive, of course.

In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are

____4____ — that is, informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are __5_____ we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.

Customs need not to be made by ___6______, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are expected to ___7____ in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our experiences in dealing with strangers. Sometimes, we can ___8____ these rules without suffering any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may ridicule us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work, and relax together are usually called customs.

Members of every ____9_____ have made laws for themselves in self-protection. If it were not for the law, you could not go out in daylight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered. In the absence of law you could only rely upon _____10________.

Every country tries, therefore, to provide laws, which will help its people to live safely and comfortably. This is not at all an easy thing to do. No country has been successful in producing laws, which are entirely satisfactory. But the imperfect laws are better than none.

_____________________________________________________________________________

forms of behaviour, descriptive, prescriptive, customs, rules, governments, behave, break, com-

munity, the law of the jungle.

2..

1.The types of law.

2.Laws and customs.

3.The need for law.

4.Law and society.

3., & ! & (100 ) , # $

, . # $ ! -

.

4.%

People/prescribedriveeducationalrulesmoralpowernationscustomsinstructioneducationalstrangers

successfuleatbreakeasykidnappedotherexperiencebetterentirely.

5. , ! ! .

, ", , , , ) ", $, $ , & ,.

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~ law and order – $

5. law – ,

common ~ system – descriptive ~s – , $

government(al) ~ – $ literary ~ – $

private ~ – $ public ~ – $

7. public – !',

~duty – $

~figure – " $

~morality – $

~ officer – " & ", , & ~ opinion –

8.right – 1. , , , ; 2, ,

civil ~s – & individual’s ~ – defend ~ – $ $

respect owner’s ~ – & $ ~ order – $ "

9.rule – 1. , , , ; 2.

~ of court –

~of law –

~s of behaviour –

~s of practice – $ ~ the law - $

10. safeguard – 1. , , ( - .); 2. , - ',

~ smb’s interests – $ - constitutional ~ – ( ) legal ~ – , procedural ~ – $

11.society – !', !' , $ $ , $ criminal ~ –

democratic ~ – primitive ~ –

well-ordered ~ –

12.state – 1. , , 2. , & (<))

~ the question (facts, an opinion, reasons, a rule) – $ (# , , ,

)

~ a case – # $ , $

~a charge – # $

~an offence – $

~one’s case – &$

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MODULE 6

SYSTEM OF LAW. CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAW

UNIT 1. BRANCHES OF LAW

D

E F

G H

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