Материал: Uchebnik_dlya_sud_expertov
2.Loanwords are ________________
a)layering
b)several or many meanings of the word
c)words from other languages, regional dialect or another variety of English.
3.Words can be created by _______________
a)prestige
b)word formation
c)history.
4.There are lots of French words in Modern English. For example, _____________
a)carnival, banana, assistance
b)parliament, government, crime, accuse, attorney
c)cow, sheep, swine, help, book.
5.Many Latin words were mainly part of the written language, such as ____________
a)appendix, formula, curriculum
b)music, poem, dress
c)assistance, text, history, maturity, polite
12.( / #' ,
# # . + .
Models: |
a) I fully agree with this statement. |
b)I am afraid I can’t agree with it.
1.Words may enter English as loanwords.
2.Words are not formed by taking existing words, or pieces of words, and putting them together to make new ones.
3.Words can come from layering.
4.Polysemous words have two or more different meanings.
5.As some other languages, English has tried to prevent foreign words from coming into it.
6.In 1266 numerous French words entered English.
7.The words “parliament” and “government” are related to fashion.
8.Since William the Conqueror invaded England existing English words disappeared.
9.Latin was the language of the church.
10.English, French, and Latin words with similar meanings are found side by side.
11.Many Latin words tended to be intellectual in nature.
12.Some Latin words were adapted to English spelling.
13., .
1. |
a word taken into one language from another |
2. |
a variety of a language spoken only in one area, in which words or grammar are |
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slightly different from other forms of the same language |
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3. |
words are formed by taking existing words, or pieces of words, and putting them |
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together to make new ones |
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4. |
an existing word splits into more than one meaning |
5. |
several or many meanings of the same word |
6. |
the language of the ancient Romans |
7. |
one of the official languages of India |
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8. |
the popular style of clothes, hair, behaviour, etc. at a particular time |
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9. |
the power you have because of your official position |
10. |
something such as a word, phrase, or idea that has been copied from another lan- |
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guage, book, etc. |
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.
analysis – analyses – ,
apparatusapparatus (apparatuses) – , !
appendix – appendices (appendixes) – ,
formula – formulae (formulas) – ,
curriculum – curricula (curriculums) – ! , !
thesis – theses – , $
datum – data – ,
14.. ' -
. , !
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1.The physicist and the biologist performed separate analyses.
2."Psychoanalysis is confession without absolution." -- Gilbert K. Chesterton (1874-1936)
3.Scientific apparatus offers a window to knowledge, but as they grow more elaborate, scientists spend ever more time washing the windows.— Isaac Asimov (1920-1992)
4.A science teacher can use an "apparatus" (tools or instruments) to demonstrate the laws of physics.
5.Appendix may refer to documents:
Addendum is any addition to a document, such as a book or legal contract. Bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works.
Index (publishing) is a list of words or phrases with pointers to where related material can be found in a document.
6.Success has a simple formula: do your best, and people may like it.
7.The formula of a well-known compound, water, is H2O.
8.A Curriculum Vita (abbreviated to CV) is a brief account of a person's education and professional experience.
9.In formal education, curricula or curriculums are the set of courses, and their content, offered at a school or university.
10.Thesis is a lengthy essay based on the original research written by the candidate for a degree.
11.The singular form of data, for example, one datum. It is rarely used, and data, its plural form, is commonly used for both singular and plural.
15., #' .
This text explains…
The words come into English in three major ways:
Firstly…
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Secondly…
Thirdly…
The words can be created by… Words have entered from…
Besides English words remained alongside the newer words… Finally, new words are continually coming into English from…
To sum up, individuals and communities change and shape English to their needs by…
UNIT 3. LANGUAGE AS A SYSTEM OF SIGNS AND COMMUNICATIONS
1., !- #' .
1)elaborate – elaborateness – elaboration – elaborately;
2)depend – dependant – dependence – dependency;
3)accept – acceptance – acceptable;
4)significance – signification – signify – significant – significantly;
5)convention – conventional;
6)communication – communicative – communicate – communicant – communicable;
7)access – accessory – accessibility – accessible – accession.
2.!:
) : support, create, combine, vary;
) : natural, hard, late, near.
3., ! ' $ ‘to be’ ‘to have’ .
1.A language is not a closed system.
2.English has many national, ethnic and regional varieties.
3.When the Romans colonized England in the 1st century of our era, the country was inhabited by Celtic tribes, and until the 5th century only Celtic languages were spoken by the people of Britain.
4.Old English was the inflected system of morphological categories, especially in the noun and adjective.
5.There are some everyday words of Scandinavian origin, which have been presented in pre- sent-day Modern English.
6.More and more people have to use English for a practical purpose - administrative, professional or educational.
7.The problem was to study the history of English from Early Old English to Modern English.
4.) 1-# ; !) 2-# ; ) 3-# .
spoken, signed, written, thought, had, been, become, understood, is, uses, combine, vary, change, shape, depend, are, follow, accepted, has, provide, require, be, shared, represent, embodied, exemplified.
5. .
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1. , , $ -& .
2.- ; - ", " " .
3.… % & , -.
4.) & # " ", - ) .
5., & " & -.
TEXT
LANGUAGE AS A SYSTEM OF SIGNS AND COMMUNICATIONS
A human language is a highly elaborate system of signs which is used both for communication and to support and guide thought. It is a primary means of creative expression for individuals and groups.
At the most basic level a language uses a mode: speech sounds, graphic symbols such as letters, or gestures, as in the case of sign languages and non-verbal communication. We often combine these different modes of language with other systems of communication. For example, a ritual may combine words, images, and actions.
A language is not a closed system. It varies across the community of speakers and over time individuals and communities creatively change and shape it to their needs. As a result languages are always varying and changing, in all subsystems of the system.
Communication depends on accessing a system of signs. The signs of language follow conventions implicitly accepted by groups of people who use the language. Language also has conventions for, when and how to combine signs. Together, the signs and conventions provide a rich system of communicative choices. Successful communication requires these signs to be shared: otherwise non-communication or miscommunication results. Successful communication also requires shared knowledge and assumptions.
A language represents a vast repository of conventional understandings and cultural traditions: as such it shapes our view of the world. There are many different languages and there are also many different world views embodied by them.
6. , , , ! , -
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1)mode – , # , ", , $ $
2)communication – , & $ , # , $, -
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3) |
creative – ", $ ", " |
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expression – & ( - ), & ( , # ), % |
5)individual – $ , $, $,
6)letter – , , ) #, ) , $ ,
7)gesture – & (&), & ( ). & $
8)image – , , &, &, " ,
9)convention – , , *, , ", $
7.! .
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1) highly elaborate system of signs |
a) # $ ) "$- |
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2) community of speakers |
b) " |
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3) primary means of expression |
c) $ # |
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4) speech sounds |
d) & ") & |
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5) sign language |
e) |
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6) combine different modes of lan- |
f) " |
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guage |
$ |
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7) systems of communication |
g) & |
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8) all subsystems of the system |
h) $ |
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9) depend on accessing a system of |
i) $ ) " |
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signs |
" |
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10) signs of language |
j) # |
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11) have conventions implicitly ac- |
k) |
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cepted |
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12) provide rich system of communi- |
l) |
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cative choices |
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13) shared knowledge and assump- |
m) |
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tions |
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14) vast repository of conventional |
n) $ |
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understanding a cultural traditions |
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15) shape our view of the world |
o) $ |
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8. , .
1. ____________ |
a process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts |
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and feelings |
2. ____________ |
producing or using new and effective ideas, results, etc. |
3. ____________ |
something you say or that shows what you think or feel |
4. ____________ |
any of the signs in writing or printing that represent a speech sound |
5. ____________ |
a method or style often used in literature, art, theatre, etc. to achieve a par- |
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ticular effect |
6. ____________ |
a system of communication by written or spoken words |
7. ____________ |
something that you hear or what can be heard |
8. ____________ |
the structure of an object or system or the way it was formed |
9. ( ! .
1.A human language is a highly elaborate system of signs which is used for ________
a.communication
b.expression of thoughts and ideas
c.both
2.At the most basic level a language uses a mode: _________
a.non-verbal communication
b.speech sounds, graphic symbols
c.both
3.Languages are always varying and changing because _________
a.language is a closed system
b.individuals and communities creatively change and shape a language to their needs
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