Материал: Uchebnik_dlya_sud_expertov

c.population grows

4.Successful communication requires _________

a.these signs to be shared

b.shared knowledge and assumptions

c.both

5.A language represents _________

a.cultural traditions

b.conventional understandings

c.both

6.The primary modes of language are ________

a.images and actions

b.sounds and letters

c. thoughts and ideas

10.. .

Models: a) It is true.

b)It is false.

1.A human language is a highly elaborate system of signs.

2.A language is used both for communication and to support and guide thought.

3.A language is a primary means of creative expression for individuals and groups.

4.A language is a closed system. It doesn’t vary across the community of speakers.

5.Individuals and communities can’t change and shape a language to their needs.

6.Communication depends on the signs of language follow conventions accepted by groups of people.

7.Language has conventions for, when and how to combine signs.

8.A rich system of communicative choices provides the signs and conventions.

9.Successful communication doesn’t require shared knowledge and assumptions.

10.A language shapes our view of the world.

:

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11. -

.

1.is made up of / socially shared rules / language.

2.the verbal means of communicating / speech / is.

3.to describe new situations and objects / can create / every language/ new words.

4.change / all languages / through time.

5.different types of signs / this area of study / will include.

6.have been learning / for years / we / the language.

7.your ear and your mind / during the initial period of adaptation / are adjusting to / the sounds and the rhythm of the language.

8.to make sense of the language / will be amazed at / your increasing ability / you.

12. ! .

1. to achieve 2. the register 3. audience 4. message 5. participants 6. different kinds 7. to influence

8. the distinctive language features 9. considering 10. context 11. content (2) 12. the relationship (2)

Language itself forms an important part of any ( ) being conveyed and is used in different ways in ( ) of texts. Approaching the study and analysis of ( $-" ) of different kinds of texts involves ( ) how language is patterned and structured within texts and ( $) between ( ), and form.

All speakers and writers make decisions about the kinds of language they use. The speaker or writer and the intended ( ) ) are ( ) and their roles, ()) between them, as well as the degree of shared knowledge of ( ), all have bearing on what is communicated. (& ) will also determine the degree of formality and ( $ ) in which the text is communicated.

By considering the stylistic features used in spoken and written varieties of English, students can gain insight into the effect the speaker or writer is trying ( $), why the speaker or writer has chosen particular stylistic features, and how the speaker or writer uses language ($ ) their respective audiences.

13. .

Languages may be synthetic and analytical according to their structure. In synthetic languages, such as for instance Russian, the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means on inflections.

In analytical languages, such as English, the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of form words and word order. Analytical forms are mostly proper to verbs. An analytical verb-form consists of one or more form words, which have no lexical meaning and only express one or more of the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood: e.g. He has come; I am reading.

14. % ! . ( – ). -

, ! !'.

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UNIT 4. ENGLISH AS THE WORLD LANGUAGE

1. , ! ' # . poly-

polygamy, polyglot, polygon, polygraph;

micro-

microbe, microbiology, microchip, microcomputer, microphone;

super-

superpower, superman, super-film, supernatural, super-ego, superior, supermarket;

multi-

multicultural, multifaith, multifunctional, multilingual, multinational, multimillionaire, multiplication;

cyber-

cybernetics, cyberspace, cybercafe, cybercrime, cyberforensics, cyberfraud, cyberkidnapper, cyberland, cyberterrorism.

2..

1.Do people dream to have a common language for communication?

2.Can you name any language which was widely used by people from different countries for communication?

3.When and why does a language become a world language?

4.Is English a global language now? Why do you think so?

3..

TEXT

ENGLISH AS THE WORLD LANGUAGE

A language achieves a genuinely global status when it develops a special role that is recognized in every country. This role will be most obvious in countries where large numbers of the people speak it as a first language – in the case of English, this would mean the USA, Canada, Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, several Caribbean countries, and a scattering of other territories. However, no language has ever been spoken by mother-tongue majority in more than a dozen or so countries, so mother-tongue use by itself cannot give a language world status. To achieve such a status, a language has to be taken up by other countries around the globe. They must decide to give it a special place within their communities, even though they may have few (or no) mother-tongue speakers.

There are two main ways in which this can be done. First, the language can be made the official (or semi-official) language of a country, to be used as a medium of communication in such domains as government, the law courts, the media, and the educational system.

Second, the language can be made a priority in a country’s foreign-language teaching. It becomes the language which children are most likely to be taught at school, and the one most available to adults who – for whatever reason – never learned it, or learned it badly, in their early educational years. Over 100 countries treat English as just a foreign language; but in most of these, it is now recognized as the chief foreign language to be taught in schools.

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Those who have learned English as a first language are now estimated to be round 400 million. 400 million use English as a second language and there are 600 million who use English as a foreign language. What can account for it?

An obvious factor is the need for a Lingua Franca – a concept probably as old as language itself. But the prospect that a Lingua Franca might be needed for the whole world is something which has emerged strongly only in the 20th century, and since the 1950s in particular. Recall that the chief international forum for political communication – the United Nations – dates only from 1945, and then it had only 51 member states. By 1960 this had risen to over 80 members. But the independence movements which began at that time led to a massive increase in the number of new nations during the next decade, and this process has continued steadily into the 1990s. There are now 185 members of the UN – nearly three times as many as there were 50 years ago. The need for a Lingua Franca is obvious, and the pressure to find a single Lingua Franca is a consequence, the alternative being expensive and often impracticable multi-way translation facilities.

But why English? There is, of course, nothing intrinsically wonderful about the English language that it should have spread in this way. Its pronunciation is not simpler than that of many other languages; its grammar is no simpler – what it lacks in morphology (in cases and genders) it certainly makes up for in syntax (in word-order patterns) – and its spelling certainly isn’t simpler. A language becomes a world language for one reasons only – the power of the people who speak it. But power means different things: it can mean political (military) power, technological power, economic power, cultural power. Political power, firstly, in the form of the colonialism that brought English around the world from the 16th century, so that by the 19th century, the language was one ‘on which the sun never sets’. Secondly, technological power, in the sense of the industrial revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries, was very significant at the English-language event. The 19th century saw the growth in the economic power of the United States and Great Britain.

4. , !", , .

5. .

1.A language achieves a genuinely global status when _______.

a)it develops a special role that is recognized in every country

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b)large number of people speak English as a second language

c)no language has ever been spoken by mother-tongue majority in more than a dozen or so countries

d)the USA, Canada, Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, several Caribbean countries speak English

e)the language is made official (or semi-official) language of a country

2.The language is made a priority __________.

a)in a country’s foreign-language teaching

b)in such domains as the law courts and poetry

c)in linguistics, morphological structure and clause structure

3.Those who have learned English as a first language are now estimated _______.

a)to be round 400 million

b)to be round 600 million

c)to be round 1 billion

4.A language becomes a world language because of __________.

a)the power of the people who speak it

b)the need for a Lingua Franca

c)its pronunciation, grammar, spelling

5.The power of the people who speak English means _________.

a)political power

b)technological power

c)economic power

d)cultural power

e)all the above mentioned

6.( / #' ,

# . + .

b)I strongly disagree with it.

1.Mother-tongue use by itself can give a language world status.

2.To achieve a world status, a language has to be taken up by other countries around the globe.

3.The language can be made the official (or semi-official) language of a country, to be used as a medium of communication in such domains as government, the law courts, the media, and the educational system.

4.The language can be made a priority in a country’s foreign-language teaching.

5.English is now recognized as the chief foreign language to be taught in schools.

6.An obvious factor is the need for a Lingua Franca.

7.The power of the people who speak English means athletic power.

8.In the 19th century English was one “on which the sun never sets”.

7. ( 2. * # # $# (

? + +- , &

. !' .

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