Материал: Uchebnik_dlya_sud_expertov

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The reasons for travelling abroad are many and various. Each journey has immediate linguistic consequences – a language has to be interpreted, learned, and imposed – and over time a travelling trend can develop into a major influence. If there is a contemporary movement towards world English use, therefore, we would expect it to be particularly noticeable in this domain. And so it is. For those whose international travel brings them into a world of package holidays, business meetings, academic conferences, international conventions, community rallies, sporting occasions, military occupations, and other ‘official’ gatherings, the domains of transportation and accommodation are chiefly mediated through the use of English as an auxiliary language. Safety instructions on international flights and sailings, information about emergency procedures in hotels, and directions to major locations are now increasingly in English alongside local languages. Most notices which tell us to fasten our seatbelts, find the lifeboat stations, or check the location of the emergence stairs give us an option in English.

A special aspect of safety is the way that the language has come to be used as a means of controlling international transport operations, especially on water and in the air. English has emerged as the international language of the sea, in the form of Essential English for International Maritime Use – often referred to as ‘Seaspeak’. Progress has also been made in recent years in devising systems of unambiguous communication between organizations which are involved in handing emergencies on the ground – notably, the fire service, the ambulance service, and the police. There is now ‘Emergencyspeak’, trying to cope with problems of ambiguity at the two ends of the Channel Tunnel. And of course there is ‘Airspeak’, the language of international aircraft control. This did not emerge until after the Second World War, when the International Civil Aviation Organization was created. Only then was it agreed that English should be the international language of aviation when pilots and controllers speak different languages. Over 180 nations have since adopted its recommendations about English terminology – though it should be noted that there is nothing mandatory about them.

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1.English is a Lingua Franca.

2.English is the most important language in the world.

3.Half of the elementary school education should be in English.

4.English should be recognized as a national language in many countries.

5.English should be recognized as the official world language.

6.The world should learn either British or American English.

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1.Are you happy about English being a Lingua Franca?

2.Are you happy with your level of English?

3.Are you happy about the number of English words in your own language?

4.Should we all learn a neutral language, like Esperanto?

5.Should English be made the official world language by the United States?

6.Should English replace French at the Olympics?

7.Would you like to learn Arabic, Chinese or Spanish?

8.If you were to become poly-lingual, which other languages would you like to learn?

9.Is the spread of English a positive or dangerous thing?

10.Should subjects be taught in English in elementary schools (in addition to the native language)?

11.All in all, at the end of the day, when all is said and done, in a nutshell, what does English mean to you?

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ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANGUAGE

Nowadays English has become the world's most important and most universal language. It is the official language in over forty countries and the most used language in (& ), science, medicine, trade and cultural relations. Over 300 million people speak it as (). The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, the USA, Australia and (+ " 0-). English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, and (1&-

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It is one of the (# $ ) of the United Nations Organization and other political organizations. It is the language of world's ( " ) and computers technology. England's ( ) helps to understand the present condition of English. Many English words were ( ) from the language of Angles and Saxons. Hundreds of (# ) words came into English. Many new words were brought by traders and () ). To know the English language today is absolutely necessary for every ( ), for every good specialist. English is everywhere in ( ) " &). It is in signs, (&), soft drinks, and household products around the world. The names of pop groups, ( $), and magazines are often ( ) in English. English words are also used as elements of magic to be included on T-shirts, ( ), caps etc. Some think English is chic, ( $ "), even when the ( ) on these designed items makes no sense. That is why in order to understand ourselves and the world around us we have to ( $ ) and English in particular.

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2.What are the most difficult things in the English language for you?

3.Does English need to be improved?

4.What would you like to improve in the English language?

5.Do you believe in possible reforming the English language according to the proposals given below?

EUROENGLISH

The European Commission has just announced an agreement whereby English will be the official language of the EU rather than German, which was the other possibility. As part of the negotiations, Her Majesty's govt conceded that English spelling had some room for improvement and has accepted a 5 year phase in plan that would be known as "EuroEnglish".

In the first year, "s" will replace the soft "c".. Sertainly, this will make the sivil servants jump with joy. The hard "c" will be dropped in favor of the "k". This should klear up konfusion and keyboards kan have 1 less letter.

There will be growing publik enthusiasm in the sekond year, when the troublesome "ph" will be replaced with the "f". This will make words like "fotograf" 20% shorter.

In the 3rd year, publik akseptanse of the new spelling kan be expekted to reach the stage where more komplikated changes are possible.

Governments will enkorage the removal of double letters, which have always ben a deterent to akurate speling.

Also, al wil agre that the horible mes of the silent "e"'s in the language is disgraceful, and they should go away.

By the 4th yar, peopl wil be reseptiv to steps such as replasing "th" with "z" and "w" with "v". During ze fifz year, ze unesesary "o" kan be dropd from vords kontaiining "ou" and similar changes vud of kors be aplid to ozer kombinations of leters.

After zis fifz yer, ve vil hav a reli sensibl riten styl. Zer vil be no mor trubls or difikultis and evrivun vil find it ezi tu understand ech ozer.

ZE DREM VIL FINALI KUM TRU!!!

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) / 8 – “The future of English? A guide to forecasting the popularity of the English language in the 21st century.”

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a)It is estimated that by 2015 two billion people will start learning English around the world, and three billion people – half the planet – will be speaking it. However David Graddoll says that English will not become the Esperanto and dominate global language learning as Arabic, Chinese and Spanish are set to rise in importance. He says the trend is towards “linguistic globalization” and multi-lingualism, not bilingualism, and definitely not monolingualism. French, on the other hand, once considered a Lingua Franca, will see its status as a world language continue to slide.

Although English will escalate in popularity, English language teachers will likely be out of a job by 2050, when so many people will be able to speak English that teaching will drop by a whopping 75% from two billion to 500 million. Instead English will be taught worldwide at elementary level, and many universities across the world will choose to teach English. This suggests a wake-up call for traditionally lazy and monolingual Britons, who tend to shun language learning because of their “everyone speaks English” mentally. Brits will be left behind in a future polylingual world.

b)When a language becomes a world language, what happens to it? There are no precedents, because no language has ever been spoken by so many people in so many countries before. Two questions need to be briefly addressed. Will English fragment into mutually unintelligible languages, as it spreads around the world? Will English kill off other languages?

The answer to the first question is: probably no – at least, not in the foreseeable future. We have to recognize that there are now many new varieties of spoken English developing around the world, in such countries as India, Singapore, and Ghana. They have been called ‘New English’ – and it because they are so many and so widespread that I have given my talk the title it has. Why have they arisen? - Because of the need to express national identity. Put yourselves in the place of one of the newly independent nations of the 1950s and 1960s. With newfound independence comes an urge to manifest your identity in the eyes of the world. And the most convenient way of manifesting this identity is through the medium of the language you use. Many of the new countries, such as Ghana and Nigeria, found that they had no alternative but to continue using English – the alternative was to make an impossible choice between the many competing local ethnic languages – over 400 in the case of Nigeria. However, we can also appreciate their view that to continue with English would be, in the eyes of many, an unacceptable link with the colonial past. How could this dilemma be resolved? The answer was to continue with English, but to shape it to meet their own ends – adding local vocabulary.

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