Материал: Английский учебник
Местоимения one и that of употребляются для замены имен существительных в единственном числе; ones, those of— во множественном числе.
Глагол (The Verb)
Спряжение глагола to be (Indefinite Tenses)
Утвердительная
форма
Отрицательная
форма
Вопросительная
форма
Ami? Are you? he?
I am not You are not He
is not
She
It
We
You
They
she?
it?
we?
you?
they?
Is
is
are not
Are
I am You are Не She It We You They
|
We |
|
|
we? |
•were |
You |
• were not |
Were' |
you? |
|
They . |
|
|
they? |
I was not You were not He
was not
She
It
Was I? Were you?
[ he? Was j she? lit?
I shall be
Yoi;
He She It
We shall be
You
They
We shall not be You They
will not be
will be
> wi
П
|
You |
|
|
you |
|
He |
|
|
he |
• will be |
She |
■ will not be |
Will |
|
|
|
she |
||
|
It |
|
|
it |
I shall not be
Shall I be?
be?
Shall we be? mi fcb7
Примечание. Для образования кратких ответов повторяется тот глагол, с которого начинается общий вопрос:
“Are you a student?” “Yes, I am.” “No, I am not.”
“Are they teachers?” "No, they are not (aren’t [a:nt]).”
“Is it a pen?” “Yes, it is.” “No, it is not (isn’t [iznt]).”
“Was your brother a soldier?” “Yes, he was.” “No, he was not (wasn’t [woznt]).” “Were you students last year?” “Yes, we were.” “No, we were not (weren’t [wo:nt]).” “Shall I be a teacher?” “Yes, 1 shall.” “No, I shall not (shan’t [fa:nt]).”
“Will he be a doctor?” “Yes, he will.” “No, he will not (won’t [wount]).”
Урок 26,1
Случаи употребления глагола to be
Таблица 13
Употребление глагола to be |
Значение |
Примеры |
|
смысловой глагол находиться глагол-связка являться вспомогательный глагол для образования времен группы Continuous вспомогательный глагол для образования страдательного залога модальное значение; действие по заранее намеченному плану или значение долженствования |
The surgeon is in the clinic. My friend is a surgeon. The surgeon is performing an operation. The patient is operated on. The surgeon is to operate on this patient. |
Урок 1, IX
Спряжение глагола to have (Indefinite Tenses)
Таблица 14
|
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
|
I have a book. |
I have no book. |
Have I a book? |
|
He has a book. |
He has no book. |
Has he a book? |
1 |
She has a book. |
She has no book |
Has she a book? |
Ui P |
It has coloured pictures. |
It has no coloured pictures. |
Has it coloured pic tures? |
CU |
We have a book. |
We have no book. |
Have we a book? |
|
You have a book. |
You have no book. |
Have you a book? |
|
They have a book. |
They have no book. |
Have they a book? |
|
I had a book. |
I had ио book. |
Had I a book? |
|
He had a book. |
He had no book. |
Had he a book? |
|
She had a book. |
She had no book. |
Had she a book? |
1 |
It had coloured pictures. |
It had no coloured pictures. |
Had it coloured pictures? |
Pi |
We had a book. |
We had но book. |
Had we a book? |
|
You had a book. |
You had no book. |
Had you a book? |
|
They had a book. |
They had no book. |
Had they a book? |
|
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Future |
I shall have a book. He will have a book. She will have a book. It will have coloured pictures. We shall have a book. You will have a book. They will have a book. |
I shall have no book. He will have no book. She will have no book. It will have no coloured pictures. We shall have no book. You will have no book. They will have no book. |
Shall I have a book? Will he have a book? Will she have a book? Will it have coloured pictures? Shall we have a book? Will you have a book? Will they have a book? |
На русский язык предложение с глаголом to have переводится: I have а book. У меня есть книга (т.е. я имею книгу).
Краткий ответ на вопрос с глаголом to have:
“Have you a book?” “Yes, I have.” “No I have not (haven’t).”
“Has he a book?” “Yes, he has.” “No, he has not (hasn’t).”
“Had you a book?” “Yes, we had.” “No, we had not (hadn’t).”
Примечание. Если перед существительным стоят слова much, many, any, enough или числительпые, то с глаголом have употребляется отрицание not; например: We have not any lectures today.
Урок 26, II
Случаи употребления глагола to have
Таблица 15
Употребление глагола to have |
Значение |
Примеры |
|
смысловое иметь вспом. глагол для образования времен группы Perfect модальное (необходимость в силу определенных обстоятельств) |
My friend has an atlas. He has proved his conclusions. We have to examine him. |
Времена группы Indefinite Спряжение глаголов to work, to write
|
Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Present |
1 work (write). Не works (writes). She works (writes). It works (writes). We work (write). You work (write). They work (write). |
I do not work (write). He does not work (write). She does not work (write). It does not work (write). We do not work (write). You do not work (write). They do not work (write). |
Do I work (write)? Does he work (write)? Does she work (write)? Does it work (write)? Do we work (write)? Do you work (write)? Do they work (write)? |
I CU |
I worked (wrote). He worked (wrote). She worked (wrote). We worked (wrote). They worked (wrote). |
I did not work (write). He did not work (write). She did not work (write). We did not work (write). They did not work (write). |
Did I work (write)? Did he work (write)? Did she work (write)? Did we work (write)? Did they work (write)? |
Future |
I shall work (write). He will work (write). She will work (write). It will work (write). We shall work (write). You will work (write). They will work (write). |
I shall not work (write). He will not work (write). She will not work (write). It will not work (write). We shall not work (write). You will not work (write). They will not work (write). |
Shall I work (write)? Will he work (write)? Will she work (write)? Will it work (write)? Shall we work (write)? Will you work (write)? Will they work (write)? |
Примечания: 1. глагольное окончание 3-го лица, единственного числа настоящего времени -(e)s читается:
а) после глухих согласных -[s]: helps [helps], speaks [spiks];
б) после звонких согласных и гласных -[z]: segs [si:z], means [mi:nz];
в) после шипящих и свистящих звуков -[iz]: dresses [dresiz], increases [in’kri:siz], watches [•wotfiz]
окончание -ed читается:
а) после глухих согласных, шипящих и свистящих звуков -[t]: helped [helpt], watched [wo:tft], finished [‘finift];
б) после звонких согласных и гласных -[d]: answgied [‘a:nad], planned [plaend], stayed [steid];
в) после t и d -[id]: wanted [‘womtid], attended [э-tendid];
глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -у с предшествующей согласной меняют у на i в 3-ем лице единственного числа настоящего времени принимают окончание -es: study—studies, а в прошедшем времени принимают окончание -ed: studied.
Для образования кратких ответов повторяется тот же вспомогательный глагол, который есть в вопросе:
“Do you work?” “Yes, I do.” “No, I do not (don’t [dount]).”
“.Does he work?” “Yes, he does.” “No, he does not (doesn’t [‘cUznt]).”
“Did you work?” “Yes, I did.” “No, I did not (didn’t [‘didnt]).”
“Shall I work?” “Yes, I shall.” “No, I shall not (shan’t [fa:nt]). ”
“Will he work?” “Yes, he will.” “No, he will not (won’t [wount]).”
Глаголы во временах группы Indefinite обозначают действие обычное, которое происходит вообще, а не в момент речи.
С временами группы Indefinite часто употребляются следующие наречия: usually [‘ju:3uali] обычно; always [’oilwaz] всегда; often [ofn] часто.
С Present Indefinite употребляются наречия: today [ta’dei] сегодня; this month (week, year) в этом месяце (на этой неделе, в этом году).
С Past Indefinite употребляются наречия: yesterday [‘jestadi] вчера; last month (week, year) в прошлом месяце (на прошлой неделе, в прошлом году); a month ago (a week ago, a year ago) месяц назад (неделю, год назад).
С Future Indefinite употребляются наречия: tomorrow [ta’morou] завтра; next month (week, year в следующем месяце (на следующей неделе, в будущем году).
Обратите внимание на отсутствие предлога (в противоположность русскому языку) перед словами this, last, next в этих сочетаниях.
Урок 7, VII
Времена группы Continuous Active
Времена группы Continuous показывают, что действие продолжается в какой-то определенный момент настоящего, прошедшего или будущего времени:
I am writing an article now. Я пишу статью сейчас.
Времена группы Continuous образуются по общей формуле
to be + ing-form,
в которой глагол to be является вспомогательным и изменяется по временам, лицам и числам. Форма Present Participle смыслового глагола (ing- form) остается неизменной, например, инфинитив группы Continuous от глагола to read—to be reading.
Для образования Past и Future Continuous достаточно вспомогательный глагол to be поставить в прошедшем или будущем времени, оставив неизменной ing-form:
I was writing an article at 5 o’clock yesterday.
Yesterday I was writing an article when you came.
shall be writing an article at 5 o’clock tomorrow.
Tomorrow I shall be writing an article from 3 till 5 p.m.
Для образования а) отрицательной формы частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола (если их два, то после первого):
They are not carrying out an experiment now.
They were not carrying out an experiment at 5 o’clock yesterday.
They will not be carrying out an experiment at 5 o’clock tomorrow.
б) Вопросительная форма образуется путем вынесения вспомогательного глагола (а если их два, то первого) в соответствующем времени перед подлежащим. Ing-form смыслового глагола остается на втором месте, т.е. после подлежащего:
Is he preparing Latin at present?
Was he preparing Latin at 2 o’clock yesterday?
Will he be preparing Latin at 2 o’clock tomorrow?
в) В кратком ответе кроме слов “yes” или “по” употребляется место- имение, соответствующее подлежащему, и вспомогательный глагол в соответствующем времени, лице и числе:
Yes, he is. No, he is not (isn’t). Yes, he was. No, he was not (wasn’t).
Урок 17, VII
Времена группы Perfect Active
A. 4. Времена группы Perfect Active образуются по следующей формуле: to have + III форма глагола = to have written.
В этой формуле вспомогательный глагол to have изменяется по временам. 6. Неизменяемой остается III форма глагола (written). 7. Если вспомогательный глагол to have(B формуле Perfect Active) стоит в Present, время называется Present Perfect. 8. Если же он стоит в Past, то время называется Past Perfect. 9. И если вспомогательный глагол to have стоит в Future, то время называется Future Perfect. 10. Сказуемое в a) Present Perfect переводится прошедшим временем, б) Past Perfect—тоже прошедшим временем, в) Future Perfect — будущим временем. Все времена группы Perfect чаще переводятся глаголами совершенного вида. 11. Времена группы Perfect показывают законченное действие к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошлом и будущем:
r~
a
Спряжение глагола to write в Continuous Tenses to be 4- ing = to be writing
i
Present I have written a letter.
Perfect
Past Yesterday I had written a
Perfect letter by 2 o’clock.
Yesterday I had written a letter before you came.
Future Tomorrow I shall Perfect
Perfect have written a letter by 2 o’clock Tomorrow I shall have written a letter before you come.