mucolytic agent [ˌmju:kəʊˌlɪtɪk 'eɪʤənt] – муколитик, препарат, разжижающий мокроту
mucus ['mjuːkəs] – слизь
nasal passage [ˌneɪz(ə)l 'pæsɪʤ] – носовой ход nose [nəuz] – нос
oxygen ['ɔksɪʤən] – кислород
oxygenate ['ɔksɪʤəneɪt] – насыщать кислородом
oxygenation [ˌɔksɪʤə'neɪ'ʃ(ə)n] – процесс насыщения кислородом parietal pleura [pəˌraɪət(ə)l 'plʊərə] – париетальная плевра pharynx ['færɪŋks] – глотка
phlegm [flem] (spit) – мокрота
pleural cavity [ˌplʊərəl 'kævətɪ] – плевральная полость pneumonia [njuː'məunɪə] – пневмония
provide [prə'vaɪd] – обеспечивать
pulmonary tissue [ˌpʌlmən(ə)rɪ 'tɪsjuː] – легочная ткань relax [rɪ'læks] – расслаблять(ся)
relief [rɪ'liːf] – облегчение (состояния) relieve [rɪ'liːv] – облегчать, ослаблять (боль) remove [rɪ'muːv] – удалять
respiration [ˌrespə'reɪʃ(ə)n] – дыхание
respiratory illness [rɪˌspɪrət(ə)rɪ 'ɪlnəs] – респираторное заболевание respiratory infection [rɪˌspɪrət(ə)rɪ ɪn'fekʃən] – респираторная инфекция respiratory process [rɪˌspɪrət(ə)rɪ 'prəuses] – дыхательный процесс right main bronchus [raɪt meɪn 'brɔŋkəs] – правый главный бронх running nose [ˌrʌnɪŋ 'nəuz] – насморк
secondary bronchus [ˌsekənd(ə)rɪ 'brɔŋkəs] (lobar bronchus) – бронх второго порядка (долевой)
secretion [sɪ'kriːʃ(ə)n] – секрет
severe [sɪ'vɪə] – тяжелый (о степени тяжести заболевания) severity [sɪ'verətɪ] – тяжесть
shortness of breath [ˌʃɔːtnəs əv 'breθ] – одышка sinus ['saɪnəs] – синус, пазуха
smell [smel] – обоняние, запах sneeze [sniːz] – чихать
sore throat [sɔː 'θrəut] – боль в горле
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spit [spɪt] – мокрота
spread through ['spred θruː] – распространять(ся) через sputum culture ['spjuːtəm ˌkʌlʧə] – посев мокроты
status asthmaticus [ˌsteɪtəs æs'mætɪkəs] – астматический статус suffer from ['sʌfə frəm] – страдать от
surface ['sɜːfɪs] – поверхность surfactant [sə'faktənt] – сурфактант swelling ['swelɪŋ] – отек
symptom-free period [ˌsɪmptəm friː 'pɪərɪəd] – бессимптомный период take a breath [ˌteɪk ə'breθ] – делать вдох
thoracic cavity [θɔːˌræsɪk 'kævətɪ] – грудная полость thorax ['θɔːræks] – грудная клетка
tiredness ['taɪədnəs] – усталость trachea [trə'kiːə] – трахея
tracheobronchial tree [ˌtreɪ'kiəʊ 'brɔŋkɪəl triː] – трахеобронхиальное дерево treat [triːt] – лечить
treatment ['triːtmənt] – лечение
trigger ['trɪgə] – вызывать, служить пусковым механизмом true cords [ˌtruː kɔːdz] – истинные голосовые связки tuberculosis [tjuːˌbɜːkjʊ'ləʊsɪs] – туберкулез
upper lobe [ˌʌpə 'ləub] – верхняя доля
upper respiratory tract [ˌʌpə rɪ'spɪrət(ə)rɪ ˌtrækt] (upper airway) – верхние дыхательные пути
virus ['vaɪrəs] – вирус
visceral pleura [ˌvɪsərəl 'pluərə] – висцеральная плевра vocal cords ['vəuk(ə) kɔːdz] – голосовые связки
voice box ['vɔɪs bɔks] – голосовой аппарат
waste products [ˌweɪst 'prɔdʌkts] – продукты обмена weakness ['wiːknəs] – слабость
wheeze [wiːz] – дышать с присвистом white blood cell [ˌwaɪt 'blʌd ˌsel] – лейкоцит
Add some new words, synonyms and expressions if you need
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VOCABULARY and PRONUNCIATION
1.gland mucous gland
endocrine gland exocrine gland secretory gland salivary gland
2.juice gastric juice
intestinal juice pancreatic juice
3.colon ascending colon transverse colon
descending colon
4.intestine small intestine large intestine intestinal juice
5.duct hepatic duct cystic duct
common bile duct
6.digest digestion autodigestion
digestive system
Task 2 Warm-up discussion.
What are the main parts of the gastrointestinal tract? What functions of the gastrointestinal tract do you know?
Task 3. Read the text and answer the questions.
The gastrointestinal tract consists of the following parts: the oral cavity, the esophagus, the stomach, and the intestine. This system begins
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from the oral cavity. Salivary glands open their ducts into the oral cavity and secrete saliva. Saliva contains the amylase enzyme that aids in digestion.
The second part is esophagus, a collapsible muscular tube of about 10 inches long. It carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.
The stomach contains the cardia, the fundus, the body, and the pylorus. Mucus glands are located in the mucosa of the stomach. They prevent autodigestion by providing an alkaline protective covering. The stomach has two sphincters: the lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter and the pyloric sphincter. The cardiac sphincter prevents reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. The pyloric sphincter regulates the rate of stomach empting into the small intestine. The secretory glands of the stomach produce hydrochloric acid. This acid kills microorganisms, breaks food into small particles, and provides a chemical environment that is required by the gastric enzymes.
The intestine is divided into the small intestine and the large intestine. The small intestine includes the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. It produces intestinal juice enzymes to digest carbohydrates and proteins. The large intestine is approximately 5 feet long. It includes the cecum, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid, and the rectum. The function of the large intestine is to absorb water, eliminate wastes, manufacture some B vitamins and vitamin K.
The liver is the largest gland in the body, weighing 3 to 4 pounds. Hepatic ducts deliver bile to the gallbladder via the cystic duct and to the duodenum via the common bile duct. Gallbladder serves as a reservoir for storage and concentration of bile. It contracts to force bile into the duodenum during the digestion of fats.
The pancreas is an exocrine and endocrine gland. As an exocrine gland it secretes sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity of the stomach contents as they enter the duodenum. Pancreatic juices contain
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enzymes for digesting carbohydrates, fats, and, proteins. As an endocrine gland pancreas secretes insulin, produced by the islets of Langerhans. Insulin is secreted into the bloodstream and is important for carbohydrate metabolism.
The functions of the gastrointestinal system are process of food substances, absorption of the products of digestion into the blood, and excretion of unabsorbed materials. Gastrointestinal system also provides the environment for microorganisms to synthesize nutrients, such as vitamin K.
1.What parts and sphincters does the stomach contain?
2.What acid is produced by the secretary glands of the stomach and what for?
3.List the parts of the small intestine.
4.What is the function of the small intestine?
5.List the parts of the large intestine.
6.What is the function of the large intestine?
7.Describe the structure of the liver and its ducts.
8.What is the gallbladder function?
9.Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas.
Task 4. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)? If the statement is false, correct the statement.
1.The main function of the gastrointestinal system is digestion of food products.
2.The pyloric sphincter prevents reflux of the gastric contents into the intestine.
3.Hydrochloric acid is produced by the stomach glands.
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