Материал: 2434
Study the document standards in the table. Evaluate the scientific writing in the samples (1 2) regarding these standards.
Purpose |
The purpose of the manuscript must be obvious |
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and unambiguous. |
Conformity |
Text has to conform to given formats, e.g., jour- |
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nal, book, etc. |
Accuracy |
The wording must be grammatically correct, con- |
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cise, accurate and precise. |
Consistency |
Terminology should be consistent and appropri- |
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ate. |
Logic and flow |
TСО ЦКЧusМrТpts sСШuХН ЛО К “stШrв” аТtС К МХОКr |
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message based on a logical train of thought. |
Context |
TСО “stШrв” Цust ЛО prОsОЧtОН ТЧ tСО МШЧtОбt ШП |
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established literature or other reported work, and |
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must be congruent with accepted institutional or reg- |
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ulatory values. |
Structure |
A logical structure (i.e. headings, subheadings, |
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paragraphs, figures, tables) should be chosen. |
Data presentation |
High-quality data should be presented clearly, us- |
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ing tables and figures as appropriate. |
Sample 1
(Introduction section of a Lab Report)
Electrocardiograms (EKGs) are an important tool for diagnosing the
СОКrt. TСОrОПШrО ЛОТЧР КЛХО tШ tКФО sШЦОШЧО’s EKG КЧН ФЧШаТЧР Сow to clean up the image as best a s possible is a very significant skill. Being able
to filter out unwanted frequencies was related to the main purpose of this
ХКЛ, аСТМС аКs tШ ХОКrЧ СШа tШ tКФО, rОМШrН, КЧН ПТХtОr К suЛУОМt’s СОКrt rКtО via EKG. LearninР СШа tШ ПТХtОr К suЛУОМt’s EKG ОЧtКТХОН ХОКrЧТЧР СШа tШ
create digital filters on MATLAB and how to differentiate the frequencies related to the heart and unwanted frequencies. We are also learned how aliasing can affect our signal and how to deal with aliasing via sample rate.
Sample 2
(Introduction section of a Lab Report)
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a powerful tool used by clinicians that measures the electrical depolarization of the heart. It is most often used to identify cardiac structure and function. Yet deeper analysis of ECGs can also be used to consider more in depth physiological topics – ranging from heart rate detection, to measuring the electrical axis of the heart.
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Unfortunately, there are a variety of complications that can make the ECG data less accurate and difficult use in physiological analysis. With optimal settings determined, it is then possible to gather more meaningful biological data. In this report, low pass filter optimization was applied for use in two physiological studies: the effect of exercise and the Valsalva maneuver (exhaling while mouth and nose are closed) on heart rate, and measuring the mean QRS axis of the heart.
A. Below you can see a result of PhD dissertation editing. Study the corrections and make a conclusion on the types of mistakes which occur in scientific writing.
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B. Compare your conclusions with the following opinion of an expert upon common mistakes in scientific writing.
Here are the most frequent shortcomings of scientific texts resulting
myths and misconceptions:
long and complicated sentences instead of short, clear sentences;
mixing creative and scientific writing;
sМТОЧtТПТМ “stШrв” ЧШt rОКНТХв КppКrОЧt;
poor structuring of text;
mixing actual results and their discussion;
inconsistent use of technical terms and units;
misusing or wasting specific and generic terms;
reluctance to use first-person pronouns and overuse of passive voice; tendency to turn sharp and powerful verbs into weighty nouns.from
A. On reading the passage below differentiate between the following two characteristics of research papers: coherence and cohesion.
Good academic papers have coherence and cohesion. The term coherence refers to content aspects. A paper has coherence if it presents its
arguments in a clear, plausible and comprehensible order. There are no
‘ХШРТМКХ РКps’ ТЧ Тts ХТЧО ШП rОКsШЧТЧР. It КЯШТНs uЧЧОМОssКrв НТРrОssТШЧs.
The term cohesion refers to formal (stylistic) aspects of writing, specifically on the paragraph and sentence level. In good papers there is a tight fit of meaning and form. This is achieved by a skilful use of lexicogrammatical forms that highlight the sense relations binding the paragraphs and sentences in a text (e.g. link words, verbs or commenting adverbs).
B.Study some tips on writing coherent texts.
1.When writing is coherent, it stays on topic in expected units. Readers usually expect thoughts to be expressed in paragraph units. A single paragraph corresponds to a single thought. Each sentence in the paragraph
should support that main point.
2. Typical examples ШП МШСОrОЧМО КrОμ РОЧОrКХ → particular; statement → exampХО; prШЛХОЦ → solution; question → КЧsаОr; МХКТЦ → counter-
claim.
3. Cohesion is achieved when writers connect their organized parts with sufficiently clear signals (like the words finally, thus) to make the development of their cases intelligible and to lead the reader safely along the emerging lines of their arguments.
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C.Match the linking words and the categories they refer to.
1)contrast and conces- a) therefore, thus, consequently, hence, as a
sion
2)emphasis
3)example or illustration
4)time sequence
5)addition
6)summary
7)cause and effect
8)comparison
result of;
b)also, and, and then, equally important, finally, first, further, furthermore, in addition, in fact, in the first place, last, moreover, next, second;
c)also, in the same way, likewise, similarly;
d)and yet, at the same time, even so, for all that, however, in contrast, in spite of this, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, yet;
e)certainly, indeed, in fact;
f)for example, in conclusion, in other words, in short, namely, specifically, that is, to illustrate, thus;
g)finally, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in particular, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore;
h)eventually, finally, in the first place, in the past, last, moreover, next, second, simultaneously, so far, subsequently, then, thereafter, until now.
Practise your writing skills (providing paragraph coherence).
A. Rearrange the sentences of the paragraph in logical order.
(1)This thesis is the output of doctoral research that aims to explore further this theme by studying the dynamics of strategic response in the situation of a single, predictable, yet discontinuous, environmental change.
(2) The strategy process literature is concerned with the nature of the formation of strategy to environmental change. (3) The field of strategy has grown rapidly in the last twenty years, reflecting increased levels of academic interest in the subject. (4) Numerous research studies have focused on topics as varied as managing strategic change, the structural analysis of industries, or effective strategic planning. (5) However, the view of a single organization as the strategic actor is common. (6) TСО “markets as networks” perspective emphasizes the embeddedness of an actor within a series of exchange relationships with other actors. (7) In this view co-
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operative relationships are considered as the norm as exchanges and adaptations take place over time. (8) A key theme in the industrial networks field is that of stability-change.
B.Fill in appropriate linking words.
1.… a toy, … a mode of transportation for the rich, the automobile was designed as man's mechanical servant. … it became part of the pattern of living.
2.The historical sciences have made us very conscious of our past. …, some scholars tend to look totally backward in their interpretation of the human future.
3.… there is a vast amount of literature available on the independent fields of VoIP and CRM, there is no direct study on the impact of VoIP on CRM.
4.All the efficient market requires is that a few people have the in-
formation and based on the information of the few people, the entire market will be well informed. … the efficiency of the market is determined purely on the basis of the availability of the information.
5.… the existence of strong evidences to advocate the efficiency of the stock markets there are also theories that have documented long-term anomalies in the stock market which seem to act against the efficient market hypothesis.
6.… the Internet is a level playing field that allows everyone to lev-
erage their strategic marketing endeavors in reaching an extensive, targeted audience, this makes online market to be highly competitive. …, the research question will be derived from this perspective.
Practise your writing skills (providing grammatical and lexical accuracy).
A.Choose between commonly confused words.
1.GХШЛКХ аКrЦТЧР … ЦКЧв НТППОrОЧt ПКМОts ШП ХТПО ШЧ EКrtС. (affect/effect)
2.TСО ЦКТЧ … ШП РХШЛКХ warming is an increasing global average tempera-
ture. (affect/effect)
3. Additionally, we are exposed to … КЦШuЧts ШП sШХКr rКНТКtТШЧ ШЧ К НКТХв basis. (various/varying)
4.This paper outlines a study on NO2 КЛsШrptТШЧ Лв КsШrЛТМ КМТН КЧН … chemicals. (various/varying)
5.Another problem is what will happen to the … КПtОr the experiments. (dependent/dependant)
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