Материал: English Grammar in Use_Raymond Murphy_2nd ed

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* Have you ever been bitten by a dog?

* 'Are you going to the party?' 'No, I haven't been invited.'

Past perfect

active: had(done) The room looked nice. Somebody had clean it.

passive: had been (done) The room looked nice. It had been clean.

* The vegetables didn't taste very good. They had been cooked for too long.

* The car was three years old but hadn't been used very much.

D. Present continuous

active: am/is/are (do)ing Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.

passive: am/is/are being (done) The room is being cleaned at the moment.

* There's somebody walking behind us. I think we are being followed.

* (in a shop) 'Can I help you, madam?' 'No, thank you. I'm being served.'

Past continuous

active: was/were (do)ing Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.

passive: was/were being (done) The room was being cleaned when I arrived.

* There was somebody walking behind us. We were being followed.

EXERCISES

42.1 What do these words mean? Use it can ... Or it can't... . Use a dictionary if necessary.

If something is

1. washable, _it can be washed._

2. unbreakable, it ---

3. edible, it ---

4. unusable, ---

5. invisible, ---

6. portable, ---

42.2 Complete these sentences with one of the following verbs (in the correct form):

carry cause do make repair send spend wake up

Sometimes you need have ('might have', 'could have' etc.).

1. The situation is serious. Something must be done before it's too late.

2. I haven't received the letter. It might have been sent to the wrong address.

3. A decision will not --- until the next meeting.

4. I told the hotel receptionist that I wanted to --- at 6.30 the next morning.

5. Do you think that less money should --- on armaments?

6. This road is in very bad condition. It should --- a long time ago.

7. The injured man couldn't walk and had to ---

8. It's not certain how the fire started but it might --- by an electrical fault.

42.3 Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using 'somebody' or 'they', write a passive sentence.

1. Somebody has cleaned the room. _The room has been cleaned._

2. They have postponed the concert. The ---

3. Somebody is using the computer at the moment. The computer ---

4. I didn't realise that somebody was recording our conversation. I didn't realise that ---

5. When we got to the stadium we found that they had cancelled the game. When we got to the stadium, we found that ---

6. They are building a new ring road round the city. ---

7. They have built a new hospital near the airport. ---

42.4 Make sentences from the words in brackets. Sometimes the verb is active, sometimes passive. (This exercise also includes the past simple--see Unit 41 c.)

1. There's somebody behind us. (I think/we/follow) _I think we're being followed._

2. This room looks different. (you/paint?) _Have you painted it?_

3. My car has disappeared. (it/steal!) It ---

4. My umbrella has disappeared. (somebody/take) Somebody ---

5. Tom gets a higher salary now. (he/promote) ---

6. Ann can't use her office at the moment. (it/redecorate) ---

7. The photocopier broke down yesterday, but now it's OK. (it/work/again; it/repair)

8. The police have found the people they were looking for. (two people/arrest/last night)

9. A tree was lying across the road. (it/blow down/in the storm)

10. The man next door disappeared six months ago. (nobody/see/since then)

11. I was mugged on my way home a few nights ago. (you/ever/mug?)

UNIT 43. Passive (3)

A. I was born ...

We say: I was born ... (not 'I am born'):

past simple

* I was born in Chicago.

* Where were you born? (not 'where are you born')

but present simple

* How many babies are born everyday?

B. Some verbs can have two objects. For example, give:

* We gave _the police_(object 1) _the information._(object 2) (= We gave the information to the police.)

So it is possible to make two passive sentences:

* The police were given the information. or The information was given to the police.

Other verbs which can have two objects are: ask offer pay show teach tell

When we use these verbs in the passive, most often we begin with the person:

* I was offered the job but I refused it. (= they offered me the job)

* You will be given plenty of time to decide. (= we will give you plenty of time)

* Have you been shown the new machine? (= has anybody shown you ...?)

* The men were paid L200 to do the work. (= somebody paid the men L200)

C. I don't like being ...

The passive of doing/seeing etc. is being done/being seen etc. Compare:

active: I don't like people telling me what to do.

passive: I don5t like being told what to do.

* I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday. (= I remember somebody giving me a toy drum...)

* Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting. (= he hates people keeping him waiting)

* We managed to climb over the wall without being seen. (= ... without anybody seeing us)

D. Get

Sometimes you can use get instead of be in the passive:

* There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt)

* I don't often get invited to parties. (= I'm not often invited)

* I'm surprised Ann didn't get offered the lob. (... Ann wasn't offered the job)

You can use get to say that something happens to somebody or something, especially if this is unplanned or unexpected:

* Our dog got run over by a car.

You can use get only when things happen or change. For example, you cannot use get in these sentences:

* Jill is liked by everybody. (not 'gets liked' - this is not a 'happening')

* He was a mystery man. Nothing was known about him. (not 'got known')

We use get mainly in informal spoken English. You can use be in all situations.

We also use get in the following expressions (which are not passive in meaning):

get married get divorced get dressed (= put on your clothes) get changed (= change your clothes)

EXERCISES

43.1 When were they born? Choose five of these people and write a sentence for each. (Two of them were born in the same year.)

Beethoven Galileo Elvis Presley 1452 1869 1929

Agatha Christie Mahatma Gandhi Leonardo da Vinci 1564 1891 1935

Walt Disney Martin Luther King William Shakespeare 1770 1901

1. _Walt Disney was born in 1901._

2. ---

3. ---

4. ---

5. ---

6. ---

7. And you? I ---

43.2 Write these sentences in another way, beginning in the way shown.

1. They didn't give me the money. I _wasn't given the money._

2. They asked me some difficult questions at the interview. I ---

3. Janet's colleagues gave her a present when she retired. Janet ---

4. Nobody told me that George was ill. I wasn't ---

5. How much will they pay you? How much will you ---

6. I think they should have offered Tom the job. I think Tom ---

7. Has anybody shown you what to do? Have you ---

43.3 Complete the sentences using being + one of these verbs:

ask attack give invite keep pay

1. Mr Miller doesn't like _being kept_ waiting.

2. They went to the party without ---.

3. Most people like --- presents.

4. It's a dangerous city. People won't go out after dark because they are afraid of ---.

5. I don't like --- stupid questions.

6. Few people are prepared to work without ---.

43.4 Complete the sentences using get/got + one of these verbs (in the correct form): ask break damage hurt pay steal sting stop use

1. There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt.

2. Ted --- by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.

3. How did that window ---?

4. These tennis courts don't --- very often, Not many people want to play.

5. I used to have a bicycle but it ---.

6. Last night I --- by the police as I was driving home.

7. How much did you --- last month?

8. Please pack these things very carefully. I don't want them to ---.

9. People often want to know what my Job is. I often --- that question.

UNIT 44. It is said that... He is said to... (be) supposed to...

A. Study this example situation:

Henry is very old. Nobody knows exactly how old he is, but:

It is said that he is 108 years old. or He is said to be 108 years old.

Both these sentences mean: 'People say that he is 108 years old.'

You can use these structures with a number of other verbs, especially:

thought believed considered reported known expected alleged understood

Compare the two structures:

* Cathy works very hard.

It is said that she works 16 hours a day. or She is said to work 16 hours a day.

* The police are looking for a missing boy.

It is believed that the boy is wearing a or white pullover and blue jeans. The boy is believed to be wearing a white pullover and blue jeans.

* The strike started three weeks ago.

It is expected that it will end soon. or The strike is expected to end soon

* A friend of mine has been arrested.

It is alleged that he kicked a policeman. or He is alleged to have kicked a policeman.

* Those two houses belong to the same family.

It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them. There is said to be a secret tunnel between them.

These structures are often used in news reports. For example, in a report about an accident:

* It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion. or Two people are reported to have been injured in the explosion.

B. (Be) supposed to

Sometimes it is supposed to ... = it is said to...

* Let's go and see that film. It's supposed to be very good. (= it is said to be very good)

* 'Why was he arrested?' 'He's supposed to have kicked a policeman.' (= he is said to have kicked a policeman)

But sometimes supposed to has a different meaning. 'Something is supposed to happen' = it is planned, arranged or expected. Often this is different from what really happens:

* I'd better hurry. It's nearly 8 o'clock and I'm supposed to be meeting Ann at 8.15. (= I have arranged to meet Ann, I said I would meet her)

* The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late. (= the train was

expected to arrive at 11.30 according to the timetable)

* You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?

'You're not supposed to do something' = it is not allowed or advisable for you to do it:

* You're not supposed to park your car here. It's private parking only.

* Mr. Bond is much better after his illness but he's still not supposed to do any heavy work. (= his doctors have advised him not to ...)

EXERCISES

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