Материал: English Grammar in Use_Raymond Murphy_2nd ed

I am afraid to do something = I don't want to do it because it is dangerous or the result could be bad. We use afraid to do for things we do intentionally:

* A lot of people are afraid to go out at night. (= they don't want to go out because it is dangerous--so they don't go out)

* He was afraid to tell his parents about the broken window. (= he didn't want to tell them because he knew they would be angry)

I am afraid of something happening = it is possible that something bad will happen (for example, an accident). We do not use afraid of ~ing for things we do intentionally:

* The path was icy, so we walked very carefully. We were afraid of falling. (= it was possible that we would fall--not 'we were afraid to fall')

* I don't like dogs. I'm always afraid of being bitten. (not 'afraid to be bitten')

So, you are afraid to do something because you are afraid of something happening as a result:

* I was afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten.

B. Interested in (do)ing and interested to (do)

I'm interested in doing something = I'm thinking of doing it, I'd like to do it:

* I'm trying to sell my car but nobody is interested in buying it. (not 'to buy')

We use interested to especially with hear/see/know/read/learn. I was interested to hear it = 'I heard it and it was interesting for me':

* I was interested to hear that Diane has got a new job.

* Ask George for his opinion. I would be interested to know what he thinks. (=it would be interesting for me to know)

This structure is the same as surprised to/delighted to... etc. (see Unit 64C):

* I was surprised to hear that Diane has got a new job.

C. Sorry to (do) and sorry for (do)ing

We usually say sorry to... to apologize when (or just before) we do something:

* I'm sorry to bother you, but I need to talk to you.

We use sorry to (hear/read etc.) to show sympathy with somebody (see Unit 64C):

* I was sorry to hear that Fiona lost her job. (= I was sorry when I heard ...)

You can use sorry for (doing something) to apologize for something you did before:

* (I'm) sorry for shouting at you yesterday. (not 'Sorry to shout ...')

You can also say:

* (I'm) sorry I shouted at you yesterday.

D. Note that we say:

I want to (do)/I'd like to (do) but I'm thinking of (do)ing/I dream of (do)ing

I failed to (do) but I succeeded in (do)ing

I allowed them to (do) but I prevented them from (do)ing

For examples, see Units 53-54 and 61.

EXERCISES

65.1 Read the situation and use the words in brackets to write a sentence with afraid.

1. The streets are unsafe at night.

(a lot of people/afraid/go/out) _A lot of people are afraid to go out._

2. We walked very carefully along the icy path.

(we/afraid/fall) _We were afraid of falling._

3. I don't usually carry my passport with me.

(I/afraid/lose/it)

4. The sea was very rough.

(we/afraid/go/swimming)

5. We rushed to the station.

(we/afraid/miss/our train)

6. In the middle of the film there was a particularly horrifying scene.

(we/afraid/look)

7. The glasses were very full, so Jane carried them very carefully.

(she/afraid/spill/the drinks)

8. I didn't like the look of the food on my plate.

a (I/afraid/eat/it)

b (I/afraid/make/myself ill)

65.2 Complete the sentences using one of these verbs:

buy get go hear read start

1. I'm trying to sell my car but nobody is interested _in buying_ it.

2. Julia is interested --- her own business.

3. I was interested --- your letter in the newspaper last week.

4. Bill wants to stay single. He's not interested --- married.

5. You must tell me what you think. I'm always interested --- your opinion.

6. There's a party tonight but I'm not interested ---

65.3 Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets.

1. I'm sorry _for shouting_ at you yesterday. (shout)

2. Sorry --- you but have you got a pen I could borrow? (disturb)

3. Sorry --- late last night. I didn't realize the time. (be)

4. I'm sorry --- what I said yesterday. I didn't really mean it. (say)

5. 'I've just had my exam results. I failed.' 'Oh? I'm sorry --- that.' (hear)

65.4 Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets.

1. a. We wanted _to leave_ the building. (leave)

b. We weren't allowed --- the building. (leave)

c. We were prevented --- the building. (leave)

2. a. Fred failed --- the problem. (solve)

b. Amy succeeded --- the problem. (solve)

3. a. I'm thinking --- away next week. (go)

b. I'm hoping --- away next week. (go)

c. I'm looking forward --- away next week. (go)

d. I'd like --- away next week. (go)

4. a. Mary wanted --- me a drink. (buy)

b. Mary promised --- me a drink. (buy)

c. Mary insisted --- me a drink. (buy)

d. Mary wouldn't dream --- me a drink. (buy)

UNIT 66. See somebody do and see somebody doing

A. Study this example situation:

Tom got into his car and drove away. You saw this. You can say:

* I saw Tom get into his car and drive away.

In this structure we use get/drive/do etc. (infinitive without 'to'):

Somebody did something + I saw this = I saw somebody do something.

Note that we use the infinitive without to:

* We saw them go out. (not 'to go')

But after a passive ('they were seen') etc., we use to:

* They were seen to go out.

B. Study this example situation:

Yesterday you saw Ann. She was waiting for a bus. You can say:

* I saw Ann waiting for a bus.

In this structure we use ~ing (waiting):

Somebody was doing something + I saw this = I saw somebody doing something.

C. Study the difference in meaning between the two structures:

'I saw him do something' = he did something (past simple) and I saw this. I saw the complete action from beginning to end:

* He fell off the wall. I saw this. -> I saw him fall off the wall.

* The accident happened. Did you see this? -> Did you see the accident happen?

'I saw him doing something' = he was doing something (past continuous) and I saw this. I saw him when he was in the middle of doing it. This does not mean that I saw the complete action:

* He was walking along the street. + I saw this when I drove past in my car. = I saw him walking along the street.

Sometimes the difference is not important and you can use either form:

* I've never seen her dance. or I've never seen her dancing.

D. We use these structures with see and hear, and a number of other verbs:

* I didn't hear you come in.

* Liz suddenly felt something touch her on the shoulder.

* Did you notice anyone go out?

* I could hear it raining.

* The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.

* Listen to the birds singing!

* Can you smell something burning?

* I found Sue in my room reading my letters.

EXERCISES

66.1 Complete the answers to the questions.

1. Did anybody go out?

I don't know. I didn't see _anybody go out._

2. Has Jill arrived yet?

Yes, I think I heard her ---

3. How do you know I took the money?

I know because I saw you ---

4. Did the doorbell ring?

I'm not sure. I didn't hear ---

5. Can Tom play the piano?

I've never heard ---

6. Did I lock the door when I went out?

Yes, you did. I saw ---

7. How did the woman fall in the river?

I don't know. I didn't see ---

66.2 In each of these situations you and a friend saw, heard or smelt something. Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.

1. Look! There's Ann.

2. Look! There's Dave and Helen.

3. Look! There's Clare.

4. Listen That's Bill.

5. Can you smell burning? Yes! It's the dinner.

6. Look! There's Linda.

1. _We saw Ann waiting for a bus._

2. We saw Dave and Helen ---

3. We saw --- in a restaurant.

4. We heard ---

5. We could ---

6. ---

66.3 Complete these sentences. Use one of these verbs (in the correct form):

climb come crawl cry cycle explode happen open run say slam sleep tell

.1 Listen to the birds _singing._

2. I didn't hear you _come_ in.

3. Did anybody see the accident ---?

4. We listened to the old man --- his story from beginning to end.

5. Listen! Can you hear a baby ---?

6. I looked out of the window and saw Tim on his bike ---. along the road.

7. 'Why did you turn round suddenly?' 'I thought I heard somebody --- my name.'

8. We watched the two men --- across the garden --- a window and --- through it into the house.

9. Everybody heard the bomb ---. It was a tremendous noise.

10. Oh! I can feel something --- up my leg! It must be an insect.

11. I heard somebody --- the door in the middle of the night. It woke me up.

12. When we got home, we found a cat --- on the kitchen table.

UNIT 67. ~ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.)

A. A clause is a part of a sentence. Some sentences have two or more clauses:

* Jim hurt his arm (main clause) playing tennis.(~ing clause)

* Feeling tired,(~ing clause) I went to bed early.(main clause)

'Playing tennis' and 'feeling tired' are ~ing clauses.

If the ~ing clause is first (as in the second example), we write a comma (,) between the clauses.

B. When two things happen at the same time, you can use ~ing for one of the verbs. The main clause usually comes first:

* I've just seen Carol. She's in the bar having a drink. (= she is in the bar and she is having a drink)

* A man ran out of the house shouting. (= he ran out of the house and he was shouting)

* Do something! Don't just stand there doing nothing!

We also use ~ing when one action happens during another action. We use ~ing for the longer action. The longer action is the second part of the sentence:

* Jim hurt his arm playing tennis. (= while he was playing)

* Did you cut yourself shaving? (= while you were shaving)

You can also use ~ing after while or when:

* Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.

* Be careful when crossing the road. (= when you are crossing)

C. When one action happens before another action, we use having (done) for the first action:

* Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.

* Having finished her work, she went home.

You can also say after ~ing:

* After finishing her work, she went home.

If one short action follows another short action, you can use the simple ~ing form (doing instead of having done) for the first action:

* Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.

These structures are used more in written English than in spoken English.

D. You can use an ~ing clause to explain something or to say why somebody does something. The~ing clause usually comes first:

* Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (= because I felt tired)

* Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money. (= because he is unemployed)

* Not having a car, she finds it difficult to get around. (= because she doesn't have a car)

* Having already seen the film twice, I didn't want to go to the cinema. (= because I had already seen it twice)

These structures are used more in written English than in spoken English.

EXERCISES

67.1 Join a sentence from Box A with one from Box B to make one sentence. Use an ~ing clause.

1. Carol was in the bar

2. Emma was sitting in an armchair.

3. Sue got home late.

4. Sarah went out.

5. Linda was in London for two years.

6. Mary walked round the town.

She was feeling very tired.

She looked at the sights and took

photographs.

She said she would be back in an hour.

She was reading a book.

She Was having a drink.

She worked as a tourist guide.

1. _Carol was in the bar having a drink._

2. Emma was sitting ---

3. Sue ---

4 ---

5. ---

6. ---

67.2 Make one sentence from two using an ~ing clause.

1. Jim was playing tennis. He hurt his arm. _Jim hurt; his arm playing tennis._

2. I was watching television. I fell asleep. I ---

3. The man slipped. He was getting off a bus. The man ---

4. I was walking home in the rain. I got wet. I ---

5. Margaret was driving to work yesterday. She had an accident. ---

6. Two firemen were overcome by smoke. They were trying to put out the fire. ---

67.3 Make sentences beginning Having ...

1. She finished her work. Then she went home.

_Having finished her work, she went home._

2. We bought our tickets. Then we went into the theatre.

3. They continued their Journey after they'd had dinner.

4. After Lucy had done all her shopping, she went for a cup of coffee.

67.4 Make sentences beginning ~ing or Not ~ing (like those in Section D). Sometimes you need to begin with Having (done something).

1. I felt tired. So I went to bed early.

_Feeling tired I went to bad early._

2. I thought they might be hungry. So I offered them something to eat.

3. She is a foreigner. So she needs a visa to stay in this country.

4. I didn't know his address. So I wasn't able to contact him.

5. Sarah has travelled a lot. So she knows a lot about other countries.

6. The man wasn't able to understand English. So he didn't know what I wanted.

7. We had spent nearly all our money. So we couldn't afford to stay in a hotel.

UNIT 68. Countable and uncountable nouns (1)

A. A noun can be countable or uncountable. Compare:

#1 Countable

* I eat a banana every day.

* I like bananas.

Banana is a countable noun.

A countable noun can be singular (banana)or plural (bananas).

Countable nouns are things we can count. So we can say 'one banana', 'two bananas' etc.

Examples of nouns usually countable:

* There's a beach near here.

* Ann was singing a song.

* Have you got a ten-pound note?

* It wasn't your fault. It was an accident.

* There are no batteries in the radio.

* We haven't got enough cups.

#2 Uncountable

* I eat rice every day.

* I like rice.

Rice is an uncountable noun.

An uncountable noun has only one form(rice).

Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count. We cannot say 'one rice', 'two rices' etc.

Examples of nouns usually uncountable:

* There's sand in my shoes.

* Ann was listening to (some) music.

* Have you got any money?

* It wasn't your fault. It was bad luck.

* There is no electricity in this house.

* We haven't got enough cups.

* We haven't got enough water.

B. #1 You can use a/an with singular countable nouns:

a beach a student an umbrella

You cannot use singular countable nouns alone (without a/the/my etc.):

* I want a banana. (not 'I want banana')

* There's been an accident. (not 'There's been accident')

You can use plural countable nouns alone:

* I like bananas. (= bananas in general)

* Accident can be prevented.

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