Материал: English Grammar in Use_Raymond Murphy_2nd ed

UNIT 126 On/in/at (other uses)

A. On holiday etc.

(be/go) on holiday/on business/on a trip/on a tour/on a cruise etc.:

* Tom's away at the moment. He's on holiday in France. (not' in holiday')

* Did you go to Germany on business or on holiday?

* One day I'd like to go on a world tour.

Note that you can also say: 'go to a place for a holiday/for my holiday(s)':

* Tom has gone to France for a holiday. (not 'for holiday')

* Where are you going for your holidays next summer?

B. Other expressions with on

on television/on the radio:

* I didn't watch the news on television, but I heard it on the radio. on the phone/telephone:

* You can't phone me. I'm not on the phone. (= I haven't got a phone.)

* I've never met her but I've spoken to her on the phone.

(be/go) on strike/on a diet:

* There are no trains today. The railway workers are on strike.

* I've put on a lot of weight. I'll have to go on a diet.

(be) on fire:

* Look! That car is on fire!

on the whole (= in general):

* Sometimes I have problems at work but on the whole I enjoy my job.

on purpose (= intentionally):

* I'm sorry. I didn't mean to annoy you. I didn't do it on purpose.

But: by mistake/by chance/by accident (see Unit 127).

C. Expressions with in

in the rain/in the sun (=sunshine)/in the shade/in the dark in bad weather etc.:

* We sat in the shade. It was too hot to sit in the sun.

* Don't go out in the rain. Wait until it stops.

(write) in ink/in biro/in pencil:

* When you do the exam, you're not allowed to write in pencil.

Also: in words, in figures, in BLOCK LETTERS etc.:

* Please fill in the form in block letters.

(pay) in cash:

* I paid the bill in cash. but I paid by cheque by credit card (see Unit 127).

(be/fall) in love (with somebody):

* Have you ever been in love with anybody?

in (my) opinion:

* In my opinion, the film wasn't very good.

D. At the age of... etc.

We say: at the age of .../at a speed of .../at a temperature of ... etc. For example:

* Jill left school at 16. or ... at the age of 16.

* The train was travelling at 120 miles an hour. or ... at a speed of 120 miles an hour.

* Water boils at 100 degrees celsius.

EXERCISES

126.1 Complete the sentences using on + one of the following:

business strike a tour the whole television fire holiday a diet the phone purpose

1. Look! That car is _free!_ Somebody call the fire brigade.

2. It's difficult to contact Sarah because she's not ---.

3. Workers at the factory have gone --- for better pay and conditions.

4. Soon after we arrived, we were taken --- of the city.

5. A: I'm going --- next week.

B: Are you? Where are you going? Somewhere nice?

6. I feel lazy this evening. Is there anything worth watching ---?

7. I'm sorry. It was an accident. I didn't do it ---.

8. George has put on a lot of weight recently. I think he should go ---.

9. Jane's job involves a lot of travelling. She often has to go away ---.

10. A: How did your exams go?

B: Well, there were some difficult questions but --- they were OK.

126.2 Complete the sentences using in + one of the following:

block letters cash my opinion the shade cold weather love pencil

1. He likes to keep warm, so he doesn't go out much ---.

2. Diane never uses a pen. She always writes ---.

3. They fell --- with each other almost immediately and were married in a few weeks.

4. Please write your address clearly, preferably ---.

5. I don't like the sun. I prefer to sit ---.

6. Ann thought the restaurant was OK, but --- it wasn't very good.

7. I hardly ever use a credit card or cheques. I prefer to pay for things ---.

126.3 Put in the correct preposition: on, in, at, or for.

1. Water boils _at_ 100 degrees celsius.

2. When I was 14, I went --- a trip to France organised by my school.

3. I wouldn't like his job. He spends most of his time talking --- the phone.

4. Julia's grandmother died recently --- the age of 79.

5. Can you turn the light on, please? I don't want to sit --- the dark.

6. We didn't go --- holiday last year. We stayed at home.

7. I'm going to Scotland --- a short holiday next month.

8. I won't be here next week. I'll be --- holiday.

9. He got married --- 17, which is rather young to get married.

10. There was an interesting programme --- the radio this morning.

11. my opinion, violent films should not be shown --- television.

12. I wouldn't like to go --- a cruise. I think I'd get bored.

13. I mustn't eat too much. I'm supposed to be --- a diet.

14. In Britain, children start school --- the age of five.

15. There was panic when people realized that the building was --- fire.

16. The Earth travels round the Sun --- a speed of 107,000 kilometres an hour.

17. 'Did you enjoy your holiday?' 'Not every minute, but --- the whole, yes.'

18. When you write a cheque, you have to write the amount --- words and figures.

UNIT 127 By

We use by in a number of different ways:

A. We use by. in many expressions to say bow we do something. For example, you can:

send something by post, do something by hand, pay by cheque/by credit card (but pay in cash)

or something can happen by mistake/by accident/by chance (but do something on purpose):

* Did you pay by cheque or in cash?

* We hadn't arranged to meet. We met by chance.

In these expressions we use by + noun without 'a' or 'the'. We say by chance/by cheque etc. (not 'by a chance/by a cheque').

B. In the same way we use by. to say how somebody travels:

by car/by train/by plane/by boat/by ship/by bus/by bicycle etc.

and by road/by rail/by air/by sea/by underground

* Liz usually goes to work by bus.

* Do you prefer to travel by air or by train?

But we say 'on foot':

* Did you come here by car or on foot?

You cannot use by if you say 'my car'/'the train' 'a taxi' etc. We use by + noun without ,a/the/my' etc. We say:

by car but in my car (not 'by my car')

by train but on the train (not 'by the train')

We use in for cars and taxis:

* They didn't come in their car. They came in a taxi.

We use on for bicycles and public transport (buses, trains etc.):

* We travelled on the 6.45 train.

C. We say 'something is done by somebody/something' (passive-see Units 41-43):

* Have you ever been bitten by a dog?

* The programme was watched by millions of people.

Compare by and with:

* The door must have been opened with a key. (not 'by a key') (= somebody used a key to open it)

* The door must have been opened by somebody with a key.

We say 'a play by Shakespeare', 'a painting by Rembrandt', 'a novel by Tolstoy' etc.

* Have you read any books by Agatha Christie?

D. By also means next to/beside:

* Come and sit by me. (= beside me)

* 'Where's the light switch?' 'By the door.'

E. Note the following use of by ...:

* Clare's salary has just gone up from 1,000 pounds a month to 1,100 pounds. So it has increased by 100 pounds/by ten per cent.

* John and Roger had a race over 100 metres. Roger won by about five metres.

EXERCISES

127.1 Complete the sentences using by + one of the following:

chance chance cheque hand ,mistake satellite

1. We hadn't arranged to meet. We met _by chance._

2. I didn't intend to take your umbrella. I took it ---.

3. I didn't put the pullover in the washing machine. I washed it ---.

4, If you haven't got any cash, you can pay ---.

5. The two cities were connected --- for a television programme.

6. I never suspected anything. It was only --- that I found out what had happened.

127.2 Put in by, in or on.

1. Liz usually goes to work _by_ bus.

2. I saw Jane this morning. She was --- the bus.

3. How did you get here? Did you come --- train?

4. How did you get here? Did you come --- the train?

5. I decided not to go --- car. I went --- my bike instead.

6. I didn't feel like walking home, so I came home --- a taxi.

7. Sorry we're late. We missed the bus, so we had to come --- foot.

8. How long does it take to cross the Atlantic --- sea?

127.3 Write three sentences like the examples. Write about a book, a song, a painting, a film etc.

1. _'War and Peace' is a book by Tolstoy._

2. _'Romeo and Juliet' is a play by Shakespeare._

3. ---.

4. ---.

5. ---.

127.4 Put in the correct preposition: by, in, on or with.

1. Who is that man standing --- the window?

2. I managed to put the fire out --- a fire extinguisher.

3. The plane was badly damaged --- lightning.

4. These photographs were taken --- a friend of mine.

5. These photographs were taken --- a very good camera.

6. I don't mind going --- car but I don't want to go your car.

7. Shall we get a taxi or shall we go --- foot?

8. What's that music? I know it's --- Beethoven but I can't remember what it's called.

9. There was a small table --- the bed a lamp and a clock it.

10. Our team lost the game only because of a mistake --- one of our players.

127.5 Complete the sentences using by.

1. Clare's salary was 1,000 pounds a month. Now it is 1,100 pounds.

Her salary _has increased by 100 pounds a month._

2. My daily newspaper used to cost 50 pence. From today it costs 60 pence.

The price has gone up ---.

3. There was an election. Helen got 25 votes and Norman got 23.

Helen won ---.

4. I went to Kate's house to see her but she had gone out five minutes before I arrived.

I missed ---.

UNIT 128 Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc.)

A. Noun + for...

cheque FOR (a sum of money):

* They sent me a cheque for 75 pounds.

demand FOR/a need FOR ...:

* The firm closed down because there wasn't enough demand for its product.

* There's no excuse for behaviour like that. There's no need for it.

reason FOR ...:

* The train was late but nobody knew the reason for the delay. (not 'reason of)

B. Noun+ of...

an advantage/a disadvantage OF ...:

* The advantage of living alone is that you can do what you like.

but we usually say: 'there is an advantage in (or to) doing something':

* There are many advantages in (or to) living alone.

a cause OF ...:

* Nobody knows what the cause of the explosion was.

a photograph/a picture/a map/a plan/a drawing (etc.) OF ...:

* She showed me some photographs of her family.

* I had a map of the town, so I was able to find my way around.

C. Noun + in...

an increase/a decrease/a rise/a fall IN (prices etc.):

* There has been an increase in the number of road accidents recently.

* Last year was a bad year for the company. There was a big fall in sales.

D. Noun+ to ...

damage TO ...:

* The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage to the other car.

an invitation TO ... (a party/a wedding etc.):

* Did you get an invitation to the party?

a solution TO (a problem)/a key TO (a door)/an answer TO (a question)/a reply TO (a letter)/a reaction TO ...

* Do you think we'll find a solution to the problem? (not 'a solution of the problem')

* I was surprised at her reaction to my suggestion.

an attitude TO ... (or TOWARDS ...):

* His attitude to his Job is very negative. or His attitude towards his Job.

E. Noun + with .../between ...

a relationship/a connection/contact WITH ...:

* Do you have a good relationship with your parents?

* The police want to question a man in connection with the robbery.

but: a relationship/a connection/contact/a difference BETWEEN two things or people:

* The police believe that there is no connection between the two crimes.

* There are some differences between British and American English.

EXERCISES

128.1 Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first.

1. What caused the explosion? What was the cause _of the explosion?_

2. We're trying to solve the problem. We're trying to find a solution ---.

3. Sue gets on well with her brother. Sue has a good relationship ---.

4. Prices have gone up a lot. There has been a big increase ---.

5. I don't know how to answer your question. I can't think of an answer ---.

6. I don't think that a new road is necessary. I don't think there is any need ---.

7. The number of people without jobs fell last month. Last month there was a fall ---.

8. Nobody wants to buy shoes like these any more. There is no demand ---.

9. In what way is your job different from mine? What is the difference ---?

128.2 Complete the sentences using one of the following nouns + the correct preposition.

cause connection invitation map reason damage contact key pictures reply

1. On the wall there were some pictures and a _map of_ the world.

2. Thank you for the --- your party next week.

3. Since she left home two years ago, she has had little --- her family.

4. I can't open this door. Have you got a --- the other door?

5. The --- the fire at the hotel last night is still unknown.

6. I wrote to Jim last week, but I still haven't received a --- my letter.

7. The two companies are completely independent. There is no --- them.

8. Jane showed me some old --- the city as it looked 100 years ago.

9. Carol has decided to give up her job. I don't know her --- doing this.

10. It wasn't a bad accident. The --- the car wasn't serious.

128.3 Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.

1. There are some differences _between_ British and American English.

2. Everything can be explained. There's a reason --- everything.

3. If I give you the camera, can you take a photograph --- me?

4. Money isn't the solution --- every problem.

5. There has been an increase --- the amount of traffic using this road.

6. When I opened the envelope, I was delighted to find a cheque --- 500 pounds.

7. The advantage --- having a car is that you don't have to rely on public transport.

8. There are many advantages --- being able to speak a foreign language.

9. When Paul left home, his attitude --- his parents seemed to change.

10. Bill and I used to be good friends but I don't have much contact --- him now.

11. There has been a sharp rise --- the cost of living in the past few years.

12. I'm sorry I haven't written to you for so long. The reason --- this is that I've been ill.

13. What was Emma's reaction --- the news?

14. Ken showed me a photograph --- the house where he lived as a child.

15. The company has rejected the workers' demands --- a rise pay.

16. What was the answer --- question 3 in the test?

17. The fact that Jane was offered a job has no connection --- the fact that her cousin is the managing director.

UNIT 129 Adjective + preposition (1)

A. It was nice of you to ...

nice/kind/good/generous/polite/silly/stupid etc. OF somebody (to do something):

* Thank you. It was very nice/kind of you to help me.

* It is stupid of her to go out without a coat in such cold weather.

but (be) nice/kind/good/generous/polite/friendly/cruel etc. TO somebody:

* They have always been very nice/kind to me. (not 'with me')

* Why were you so unfriendly to Tessa?

B. Adjective + about/with

angry/annoyed/furious ABOUT something

angry/annoyed/furious WITH somebody FOR doing something

* It's stupid to get angry about things that don't matter.

* Are you annoyed with me for being late?

excited/worried/upset/nervous/happy etc. ABOUT something:

* Are you excited about going on holiday next week?

* Carol is upset about not being invited to the party.

delighted/pleased/satisfied/disappointed WITH something:

* I was delighted with the present you gave me.

* Were you disappointed with your exam results?]

C. Adjective + at/by/with

surprised/shocked/amazed/astonished AT/BY something:

* Everybody was surprised at (or by) the news.

* I hope you weren't shocked by (or at) what I said.

impressed WITH/BY somebody/something:

* I'm very impressed with (or by) her English. It's very good.

fed up/bored WITH something:

* I don't enjoy my job any more. I'm fed up with it./I'm bored with it.]

D. sorry about/for

sorry ABOUT something:

* I'm sorry a out t e noise last night. We were having a party.

but usually sorry FOR doing something:

* I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday.

You can also say 'I'm sorry I (did something)':

* I'm sorry I shouted at you yesterday.

We say 'to feel/to be sorry FOR somebody':

* I feel sorry for George. He has a lot of problems.]

EXERCISES

129.1 Write sentences using nice of ..., kind of ... etc.

1. I went out in the cold without a coat.

2. Sue offered to drive me to the airport.

3. I needed money and Ian gave me some.

4. They didn't invite us to their party.

5. Can I help you with your luggage?

6. Kevin didn't thank me for the present.

7. They've had an argument and now they refuse to speak to each other.]

(silly) _That was silly of you._

(nice) That was --- her.

(generous) That ---.

(not very nice) That wasn't ---.

(very kind) --- you.

(not very polite) ---.

(a bit childish) ---.

129.2 Complete the sentences using one of the following adjectives + the correct preposition:

annoyed annoyed astonished bored excited impressed kind sorry

1. We're all _excited about_ going on holiday next week.

2. Thank you for all your help. You've been very --- me.

3. I wouldn't like to be in her position. I feel --- her.

4. What have I done wrong? Why are you --- me?

5. Why do you always get so --- little things?

6. I wasn't very --- the service in the restaurant. We had to wait ages before our food arrived.

7. John isn't happy at college. He says he's --- the course he's doing.

8. I had never seen so many people before. I was --- the crowds.

129.3 Put in the correct preposition.

1. I was delighted _with_ the present you gave me.

2. It was very nice --- you to do my shopping for me. Thank you very much.

3. Why are you always so rude --- your parents? Can't you be nice them?

4. It was a bit careless --- you to leave the door unlocked when you went out.

5. They didn't reply to our letter, which wasn't very polite --- them.

6. We always have the same food every day. I'm fed up --- it.

7. I can't understand people who are cruel --- animals.

8. We enjoyed our holiday, but we were a bit disappointed --- the hotel.

9. I was surprised --- the way he behaved. It was completely out of character.

10. I've been trying to learn Spanish but I'm not very satisfied --- my progress.

11. Linda doesn't look very well. I'm worried --- her.

12. Are you angry --- what happened?

13. I'm sorry --- what I said. I hope you're not angry --- me.

14. The people next door are furious --- us making so much noise last night.

15. Jill starts her new job next week. She's quite excited --- it.

16. I'm sorry --- the smell of paint in this room. I've just decorated it.

17. I was shocked --- what I saw. I'd never seen anything like it before.

18. The man we interviewed for the job was intelligent but we weren't very impressed --- his appearance.

19. Are you still upset --- what I said to you yesterday?

20. He said he was sorry --- the situation but there was nothing he could do.

21. I felt sorry --- the children when we went on holiday. It rained every day and they had to spend most of the time indoors.

UNIT 130 Adjective + preposition (2)

A. Adjective + of (1)

afraid/frightened/terrified/scared OF ...:

* 'Are you afraid of dogs?' 'Yes, I'm terrified of them.'

fond/proud/ashamed/jealous/envious OF ....:

* Why are you always so jealous of other people?

suspicious/critical/tolerant OF ...:

* He didn't trust me. He was suspicious of my intentions.

B. Adjective + of (2)

aware/conscious OF ...

* 'Did you know he was married?' 'No, I wasn't aware of that.'

capable/incapable OF ...

* I'm sure you are capable of passing the examination.

full OF./short OF ...

* The letter I wrote was full of mistakes. (not 'full with')

* I'm a bit short of money. Can you lend me some?