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-ing form / Infinitive
Grammar Reference
19 Match the items in the two columns to make complete sentences. Underline and label the -ing form;the to-infinitiveform;the infinitivewithoutto form.
ñ I can’t stand people |
to join an environmental group. |
ñ We can all |
throwing rubbish in the streets. |
ñ I’d like |
help save endangered species. |
20 What does each group of words take: to-inf, inf withoutto or -ingform? Give an example for each.
1 go (+ activity) + -ing form
2 verb + preposition + ....................
3 would love/like/hate + ....................
4 like/love/hate + ....................
5 modal verbs + ....................
6 can’t stand/help, look forward to + ....................
I often go swimming at weekends.
21 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1 |
He goes ........................................... |
(swim) every |
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morning before work. |
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2 |
George isn’t here; he must ................................... |
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(be) on his way to work. |
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3 |
We’re still waiting for him .................................... |
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(arrive). |
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4 |
I would love ....................................... |
(visit) India |
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one day. |
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5 |
Lisa is looking forward to ................................... |
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(meet) you. |
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6 |
He only finished the essay on time by ................... |
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........................ (work) all night. |
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7 |
Come here. I would like ............................... |
(tell) |
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you something. |
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8 |
Laura didn’t want to leave without ....................... |
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(speak) to Dan. |
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9 |
We should ............................... |
(do) more to help |
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endangered species. |
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10 |
He is thinking about ............................................. |
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(change) jobs. |
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22 Fill in the -ingform or to-inf. Then explain the words in bold.
1He forgot to put (put) out the fire. (forget = not remember to do sth)
2 |
I’ll never forget .......................................... |
(visit) |
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Italy for the first time. |
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3 |
Jamie couldn’t stop .................................. |
(think) |
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about what had happened the night before. |
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4 |
Sorry I’m a bit late. I had to stop ...................... |
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(buy) petrol on the way over here. |
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5 |
Did you remember ............................. |
(get) some |
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milk when you were out? |
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6 |
I remember .................................... |
(talk) to your |
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friend Debbie at the party. |
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7 |
He wanted ........................................ |
(catch) the |
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8 o’clock train but he was too late. |
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8 |
Sandra tried ............................................. |
(write) |
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him a letter but he didn’t answer. |
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23 Complete the sentences using to-inf, infwithoutto or -ingform.
1 |
Josh isn’t interested in ........................................ |
. |
2 |
He refused ......................................................... |
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3 |
Paula’s keen on .................................................. |
. |
4 |
If they’ve got enough time, they’ll ..................... |
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5 |
These days we can .............................................. |
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6 |
She really hates .................................................. |
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7 |
Jason can’t help ................................................. |
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8 |
Do you like ........................................................ |
? |
9 |
You should ......................................................... |
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10 |
We’re looking forward to ................................... |
. |
Game
ChainStory.In turns use the words in the list to make up a story using -ingform or infinitiveforms. Cross out the words used each time so that you won’t use them again.
ñlike ñ love
ñmanage ñ mind
ñwrite ñ threaten
ñhope ñ must
ñstart ñ finish
ñhate ñ regret
ñavoid ñ arrange
ñafford ñ look forward to
ñwant ñ can’t stand ñ decide
John likes travelling abroad.
One day ...
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Grammar in use
Prepositions
Appendix 1
24 a. Fill in the correct preposition, then explain the phrases in bold.
1 She was grateful |
........... all the |
volunteers ............. |
their help. |
2The chemical factory’s owner
was |
found guilty ................ |
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dumping |
barrels |
of chemicals |
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into the river. |
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3 Did |
you |
hear |
.............. the |
Environmental |
Weekend at |
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Woodford in June?
4Local authorities are anxious to
hear |
.............. anyone who may |
have |
seen the waste being |
dumped in the park.
5 Have you ever heard ..............
the greenhouse effect?
6He has always been hopeless
.............. speaking in public.
b.Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose any five phrases and make up sentences using them.
1 in need |
......... |
; 2 capable |
.........; |
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3 to be generated .......... |
; 4 to |
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contribute ........... |
; |
5 to protect |
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sth ............ |
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sb; 6 to take |
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advantage .......... |
sth; 7 to provide |
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sb .......... |
; 8 to be used .......... |
sth |
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Phrasal Verbs
Appendix 2
25 Replace the words in bold with the correct phrasal verb formed with fallor get.
1You can always rely on me for help.
2Do you think that they are going to escape without punishment
for their crime?
3I really like Alice, she’s such a friendly person.
4It took Tony a long time to recover from his illness.
5 I can’t believe they were deceived by that old trick.
6The plans for the new sports centre failed to be completed.
7 He’s going to try to finish the
first half of that report tonight.
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Word Formation
26 Fill in the correct word derived from the word in bold.
Treasuring the Tundra
The tundra is a cold, dry, 0) treeless region with very cold temperature and little rain. One of its
most 1) ............................... |
characteristics is the |
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2) ...................................... |
frozen layer of ground |
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called permafrost. 3) ....................... |
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, these extreme |
conditions can support a wide 4) |
...................... of |
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wildlife. In fact, several groups of Inuit people live there, relying on hunting and fishing for their 5) .......................... . The animal life includes such species as arctic foxes, reindeer, wolves and seals. In spring, 6) ..................................... flowers cover the ground. The snow offers 7) ...............................
to such plants, allowing them to resist the cold temperatures. However, it is 8) .............................
for trees and larger plants to live in this environment.
The tundra is extremely fragile, so any changes caused by increasing temperatures and high 9) .....................................
levels will have a 10) ...............................
effect on the environment. We need to safeguard this
delicate environment
for the future.
TREE
DISTINCT PERMANENT SURPRISE VARY
SURVIVE
COLOUR PROTECT
POSSIBLE
POLLUTE
CONSIDER
Key-word Transformations
27 Complete the second sentence using the word in bold. You must use between two and five words including the word given.
1Emma is finding it difficult to manage on the money she earns now.
difficulty Emma ...........................................................................
....................................... on the money she earns now.
2No one seemed to want to join the theatre group this year.
interest There seemed to ...........................................................
........................................... the theatre group this year.
3She didn’t say goodbye last night.
without |
She left ......................................................................... |
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...................................................................... last night. |
4Ian has managed to give up smoking.
succeeded Ian ................................................................................
smoking.
5Richard is 18, so he can vote.
old Richard ..........................................................................
............................................................................. vote.
6It’s too cold for us to go to the park today.
not It’s .................................................................................
................................................ to go to the park today.
7The tickets for the concert were more expensive than I had expected.
as |
The tickets for the concert were .................................... |
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............................................................. I had expected. |
Open Cloze
28 Read the text and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only ONE WORD in each gap.
SOWING THE SEEDS FOR SURVIVAL
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When people mention endangered species the 0) first |
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things that come 1) ..................... |
mind are probably whales, pandas |
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or tigers. Not 2) ..................... |
people would think of plants, but, in |
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3) ....................... |
, there are far more |
threatened |
species |
of |
plants |
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4) ..................... |
of the threatened mammals, fish, birds and insects |
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combined. |
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One of the 5) .......................... |
threats to the survival of many |
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plants |
is industrialisation. This causes pollution |
and |
acid |
rain, |
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6) ........................ |
destroy forests and harm many species of plant. |
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Another threat is man! Many products that man uses 7) ..................... |
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from plants. For instance, many plants 8) ....................... |
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collected |
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from the Amazon and are used to make medicines. Other plants, |
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9) ........................ |
as mahogany trees, are valued 10) .................... |
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their timber and are very popular building materials. There are even |
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plants |
that 11) ....................... |
become desirable |
collectors’ |
items. |
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Luckily, 12) .......................... |
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and more people are |
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becoming |
aware |
13) .............................. |
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the |
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problem |
and |
change |
is |
on |
the |
way. |
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14) .......................... |
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are now a number of |
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organisations that are working to protect |
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endangered plants as |
15) |
..................... |
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as |
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animal species and preserve all living things for |
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the future. |
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Idioms & Fixed Phrases
29 Match the phrases in bold to the definitions. Have you got any similar idioms/ phrases in your language? How do they compare with those in the exercise below?
ñcriticise ñ busy and active ñ be kind
ñnot show gratitude for ñ admire ñ remain calm
ñbecome disappointed ñ not move
1I really take my hat off to those eco-warriors. At least they are standing up for what they believe in.
2He’s exhausted, he’s been on the go all day.
3 If you just hold still for a minute, I can explain everything to you.
4She may seem strict but underneath she has a heart of gold.
5I don’t know why she was having a go at Steve. It wasn’t his fault.
6Environmentalists mustn’t lose heart even when it seems like some
people are ignoring them.
7 I’m happy to help her out but I don’t want to be taken for granted.
8Martin kept his head and didn’t panic despite the chaos around him.
4
30 Fill in the correct animal from the list, then explain the phrases in bold. In pairs, think of other idioms with animals.
BIRDS
BUTTERFLIES
BULL
LION
CROCODILE
1Ben was so nervous he had
....................................... in his stomach before he gave his speech.
2If I go into town to visit Mark, I might as well kill two ...............
with one stone and do some
shopping on the way home.
3I don’t want to tell Liz the truth but I suppose it’s time to take
the ..................... by the horns and get it over with.
4I’m sure Jean wasn’t really upset;
those were just .........................
tears.
5Peter has done most of the
work, so he |
should |
get |
the |
..................’s |
share |
of |
the |
money. |
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Listening & Speaking Skills
31 
Listen to the people talking about problems on their island and write S(for Sandra), B(for Bill) or J (for Janet).
Which speaker:
ñ didn’t hear a warning ...........
ñ thinks the factory causes air pollution ...........
ñ expected a warning ...........
ñ believes that everyone is responsible ...........
ñ saw somebody littering ...........
ñ mentions a new building project ...........
ñ is worried about wildlife ...........
ñ suggests doing something ...........
32 a. Look at the pictures and describe them. Then, in pairs, discuss the problems faced by Sandra’s island.
b.Use the prompts below, as well as any ideas of your own, to
suggest possible solutions, as in the example.
ñfit filters to factory chimneys
ñplant more trees
ñwrite to the government
ñfine people who drop litter
ñimprove public transport
Useful language for making suggestions
A good idea would be ...; Why don’t we ...;
We should/ could ...; If we ..., then ...;
Perhaps we should ...; I think ...
A:One of the problems which the island faces is air pollution.
B:I couldn’t agree more. You know, if factory owners fitted filters to the factory chimneys, then there wouldn’t be so much air pollution.
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33 
You will hear part of a radio talk about endangered species. For questions (1-6), complete the notes which summarise what the speaker says.
1 John McKenzie is an activist.
2 John is working to raise
about the problem of our endangered species.
3 We are wiping out the of many animals.
4We need to be more careful about the
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we buy. |
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5 If we look after the |
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, |
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more animals will survive. |
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6We should report people who
and |
animals to the police. |
34 a. Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
1 What dangers do these animals face?
2 How is the title related to the pictures?
3What can we do to protect animals?
4What do you think this quotation implies: “The more I know people, the more I like animals”?
b.Give a one-minute monologue suggesting ways to protect animals.
35 
You will hear five people talking about recycling ideas. Match the speakers to the sentences. There is one sentence which does not match any of the speakers.
A |
This will save lives. |
Speaker 1 |
B |
Teaching the public about |
Speaker 2 |
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recycling. |
Speaker 3 |
C |
Providing work and helping the |
Speaker 4 |
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environment. |
Speaker 5 |
D |
Things can be used more than once. |
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E |
Reasons why we should all recycle. |
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FThis helps cut down energy use.
36 Look at the poster. In pairs, talk about what we can recycle and how. Then, explain why it is important for everyone to recycle.
HELP
SAVE OUR NATURAL RESOURCES
STOP
RUBBISH TIPS FROM TAKING OVER THE
COUNTRYSIDE
Join a recycling programme today and you will help solve the planet’s problems. With just a little effort you can make a huge difference.
A:First of all, we can recycle newspapers and magazines.
B:Yes, we can put them into the recycling bins in our neighbourhood. Then, they can be used to make recycled paper.
Offering solutions to problems
37
a.
Listen to the dialogue. What is the problem?
b.Read the dialogue and fill in the missing phrases.
ñLet’s ñ Have you thought about
ñI can’t believe ñ I know ñ That’s a great idea
A: |
1) |
........................................................ how much |
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traffic there is on the roads these days. |
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B: |
2) ................................. . |
It took me two hours to |
drive into the city centre today.
A: You know, I’ve just had a brilliant idea. 3) .............
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.............................................. |
starting a car pool? |
B: |
4) ......................................................................... |
! |
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We would save money and help reduce the amount |
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of traffic at the same time! |
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A: |
5) .......................... |
start right away. Who is going |
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to drive tomorrow? |
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c.Use the prompts to act out similar dialogues.
ñlitter everywhere/start a clean-up campaign/pick up litter/clean up neighbourhood
ñconcrete everywhere/start a tree-planting campaign/make our town a more pleasant place to live
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Complaining
38
a.
Listen to the dialogue. How are the speakers related?
b. Match the sentences to form a dialogue.
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A |
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B |
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John, could I have a word |
a |
Yes, you’re right. I’ll |
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1 |
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with you, please? |
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get right on it. |
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Well, I was wondering if |
b |
Sure, Linda. What’s |
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2 |
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you could do something |
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up? |
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about all that rubbish in |
c |
Oh right, |
yes. I’ve |
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front of your house. |
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been meaning to do |
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I would appreciate it if |
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something |
about it, |
3 |
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you could sort it out as |
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but I keep forgetting. |
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soon as possible, please. |
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c.Follow the pattern and use the prompts to act out similar dialogues.
ñgreet/ask for a discussion |
ñreturn greeting/ask what |
ñstate problem |
the problem is |
ñask politely for solution |
ñmake an excuse |
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ñagree politely |
ñdirty garden pond
ñpiles of bottles at the back of the house
Showing hesitation
39 
a.
Listen to the dialogues. Which of the sentences show hesitation?
b.Read the dialogue and underline the words which suggest hesitation.
1 A: Are you busy tonight, Bob?
B:Let me see ... erm ... I don’t think so. Why? 2 A: Shall we go out next Saturday?
B: Oh ... Well ... I don’t know.
3A: Have you made up your mind yet?
B:Mmm ... but I’m not sure about it.
c.In pairs, act out similar dialogues using the prompts.
ñgoing to the beach
ñplanting some trees
ñcleaning up the back garden
Intonation (key word stress)
40 
Listen and underline the words that are stressed.
1The thing that worries me most is global warming.
2 The main problem in this city is air pollution. 3 The cleanest form of energy is wind power. 4 A bicycle is something everyone should use.
5Many rare species are in danger of extinction.
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