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Reading

41 a. Look at the title of the poem and the picture. What could the poem be about?

b.Read the first verse of the poem, then read the author’s biography. What kind of experiences do you think might have inspired Robert Louis Stevenson to write this poem?

42a. Listen to the poem and follow the lines. Read the poem verse by verse and answer the questions.

verse 2 1 Which animals/insects does the poet mention? Which of these can you see in the picture?

2Which of these are busy? What are they doing?

verse 3 1 Where does the poet see a reflection of himself?

2What is “his boat”?

verse 4 1 Where is the poet?

2What can he see?

verse 5 1 Where is the poet now?

2How does he feel? What makes him feel this way?

b.How does this poem make you feel? Why?

43 Study the theory boxes to answer the questions a - d.

There are three main kinds of poetry: lyric (any short poem); narrative (poems which tell a story, either epic or ballad); and dramatic (poems which tell a story and in which the poem’s characters act out the story).

a. What kind of poem is The Little Land?

The rhythm and rhyme scheme of poetry is very important. Without these we could not read the poems with the same enjoyment and understanding.

b.Look at the first verse. It consists of sixteen lines. The first two lines rhyme with each other.

“When at home alone I sit And am very tired of it”

Is this consistent throughout the first verse? Where does it change?

Rhythm is created with stressed and unstressed syllables.

c. Listen to the first two lines of the poem and underline the stressed syllables. Listen again and repeat to feel the rhythm.

Stevenson uses detailed descriptions, so that we can imagine what “The Little Land” looks like. This is called imagery.

d.Read the first verse and find an example of imagery. Look at the picture and underline the lines in the poem which create these images.

Project

Draw a scene from The Little Land for your class drawing competition.

Writing

44 Use the following words to write your own poem for your school’s poetry competition.

ñbed – red – head – said – fed

ñsee – bee – free – tea – agree

ñship – lip – slip – equip – skip

ñeyes – skies – wise – tries – rise

When at home alone I sit And am very tired of it,

I have just to shut my eyes

To go sailing through the skies – To go sailing far away

To the pleasant Land of Play; To the fairy land afar

Where the Little People are; Where the clover-tops are trees, And the rain-pools are the seas, And the leaves, like little ships, Sail about on tiny trips;

And above the Daisy tree Through the grasses,

High o’erhead the Bumble Bee Hums and passes.

In that forest to and fro I can wander, I can go;

See the spider and the fly, And the ants go marching by, Carrying parcels with their feet

Down the green and grassy street. I can in the sorrel sit

Where the ladybird alit.

I can climb the jointed grass And on high

See the greater swallows pass In the sky,

And the round sun rolling by Heeding no such things as I.

Through that forest I can pass Till, as in a looking-glass, Humming fly and daisy tree And my tiny self I see, Painted very clear and neat On the rain-pool at my feet Should a leaflet come to land Drifting near to where I stand,

Straight I’ll board that tiny boat Round the rain-pool sea to float.

Little thoughtful creatures sit On the grassy coasts of it; Little things with lovely eyes See me sailing with surprise.

Some are clad in armour green – (These had sure to battle been!) – Some are pied with ev’ry hue, Black and crimson, gold and blue;

Some have wings and swift are gone; – But they all look kindly on.

When my eyes I once again Open, and see all things plain: High bare walls, great bare floor;

Great big knobs on drawer and door; Great big people perched on chairs, Stitching tucks and mending tears, Each a hill that I could climb,

And talking nonsense all the time – O dear me,

That I could be

A sailor on the rain-pool sea, A climber in the clover tree,

And just come back a sleepy-head, Late at night to go to bed.

Essays providing solutions to problems are pieces of writing in which we present a problem and its causes, then discuss our suggestions as well as

their expected results.

Introduction

In the first paragraph, we present the problem and its causes.

Main Body

In the second, third and fourth paragraphs, we write our suggestions and their expected results. We write each suggestion and its results in separate paragraphs. We should link our ideas using appropriate linking words.

Conclusion

In the last paragraph we summarise our opinion.

Such essays are normally written in semi-formal or formal style, depending on who is going to read them and where it is going to be published. They are usually found as articles in magazines, newspapers, etc.

To make our piece of writing more interesting to the reader, we can use certain techniques to start or end it such as:

ñaddressing the reader directly. If you want to help the environment, there are lots of things that you can do.

ñusing a quotation (a sentence/phrase from a book, a play, etc). Don’t forget to mention the name of the person who said / wrote it.

... as American anthropologist Margaret Mead said “We have nowhere else to go ... this is all we have.”

ñusing a rhetorical question (a question that makes a statement rather than expecting an answer).

Is it important to protect endangered species?

USEFUL VOCABULARY

To make suggestions:

It would help if / be a good idea if ...;

A / Another useful suggestion would be to ...; The situation could be improved if / by ...;

Steps / Measures should be taken in order to solve / deal with ...

To present results and consequences:

Analysing the Rubric

45 Read the rubric and underline the key words. Then answer the questions.

A local newspaper has asked its readers to write articles entitled “How can we make our planet a safer place for animals?” to be published in the

newspaper.

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1Who is going to read your piece of writing?

2What problems do animals face nowadays? Think about their habitats, who hunts them and why, the

effects of environmental problems such as various forms of pollution etc.

3Can you think of any ways to help animals?

Analysing a Model Text

46 a. What words can you think of related to the title of the article?

b.Read the article and put the paragraphs in the correct order, then answer the questions.

A Another solution is to promote education about endangered species. If people are aware of the problem, then they will buy fewer products made of materials such as ivory or fur.

B In conclusion, there are many ways to make our world a better place for animals. We all need to do whatever we can. As Malcolm Bradbury said “If you’re not part of the solution, you’re part of the problem.”

C Is our planet a safe place for animals? Unfortunately, it doesn’t seem like it. Thousands of species have become extinct and many more are now endangered. We need to do something fast before it is too late for them.

D Firstly, measures need to be taken to protect our wildlife. The destruction of threatened animals’ habitats should be illegal, with long prison sentences for people who break these laws. This would protect animals and the environments they live in.

E Finally, we should create more national parks and conservation areas. This would allow animals to live and breed safely in their natural habitats. As a result, their numbers would increase and species would not die out.

1Underline the topic sentences in each of the paragraphs in the main body. What supporting sentences does the writer give?

2What are the writer’s suggestions? Which linking words has he used to introduce each one? What results does he expect?

3How does the writer start and end the article: with a rhetorical question? a quotation? addressing the reader directly? Suggest another beginning or ending to the article.

Beginnings – Endings

47 Read the extracts below. Which are beginnings? Which are endings? Which writing technique has been used in each?

AWhat would you like to learn about in school? In my opinion schools should focus on practical skills as well as on academic subjects.

BAll in all, I think that banning cars from the city centre is an excellent idea. It will make shopping safer and healthier for pedestrians as well as reducing traffic jams. What more could the people of this city want?

CAs Thomas Jefferson said, “Our liberty depends on the freedom of the press.” However, nowadays with celebrities claiming that their private lives should remain private the issue is no longer so straightforward.

Suggestions & Results

48 Match the suggestions to the results, then make sentences, as in the example.

Result

a Use less fuel to heat and cool our houses. b Protect endangered species’ habitats.

cPrevent damage to the ozone layer.

dUse fewer fossil fuels, which would reduce air pollution and acid rain.

1 d – It would help if we used renewable energy sources. This way, we would use fewer fossil fuels, which would reduce air pollution and acid rain.

Topic & Supporting Sentences

49 Read the topic sentences; then use the prompts to write appropriate supporting sentences.

1Using fossil fuels to generate power has several major disadvantages.

non-renewable / burn fossil fuels / cause environmental problems / acid rain / global warming

Firstly, fossil fuels are non-renewable resources. Also, ...

2Hunting, pollution and the destruction of food sources mean that many species of whales are now endangered.

said to be / less than 5,000 blue whales / 9,000 bowhead whales / worldwide / soon none left

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Discuss & Write

50 Read the rubric and underline the key words. In pairs think of the causes of air pollution and make a list, then discuss the suggestions you would make.

Your teacher has asked you to write an article for the school magazine entitled: “How can we reduce air pollution levels in our cities?” (120-180 words)

51 a. Match the causes to the suggested solutions and results.

b.Use your answers to Ex. 51a to answer the questions in the plan. Then write your article for the school magazine. You can use the article in Ex. 46b as a model.

Introduction

(Para 1) What is the problem? What has caused it?

Main Body

(Para 2) What is your first suggestion? What would its results be?

(Para 3) What is your second suggestion? What do you expect to happen?

(Para 4) What is your third suggestion? What results would it have?

Conclusion

(Para 5) How can you summarise your opinion?

52 Explain the quotations, then choose one to start/ end your article in Ex. 51b.

The only thing we have to fear on this planet is man.

Carl Jung (Swiss psychologist)

Treat the Earth well, it was not given to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children.

Vocabulary & Grammar

1Fill in the missing word.

6Many forests in Europe have been damaged by

2Circle the correct item.

(10 marks)

Use of English

3Complete the second sentence using the word in bold. You can use two to five words including the word given. Don’t change the word given.

1It’s not worth trying to grow oranges in England.

2Julia couldn’t drink the tea as it was very hot.

3We have never travelled by bus.

4Jenny is as old as Alain.

5If you don’t leave now, you’ll be late for work. unless You’ll be late for work .........................

.................................................... now.

(5 marks)

4Fill in the correct word derived from the word in bold.