Материал: Uchebnik_dlya_sud_expertov
b)To my mind, it is false because …………
1.International literacy of people has become very important for all countries.
2.Students must possess a certain level of global competence to understand the world they live in.
3.The study of languages can only serve to help us understand each other.
4.Successful globalization business efforts depend on proper understanding of social relationships.
5.To reach communicative competence it is enough to learn the grammar.
6.To reach communicative competence it is necessary to compare cross-cultural norms of communication.
7./ .
1.______________ is a field of study that looks at how people from different cultural backgrounds communicate.
2.________________ serves to help us understand what we as human beings have in common.
3.________ and ________ have become critical to a country’s cultural, technological, economic, and political health.
4._______ and __________ are culturally relevant.
5.____________ is a combination of many other fields.
6.____________ can be defined as “an investigation of how language both presupposes and creates anew social relations in cultural context”.
7.The speaker must understand __________ and __________.
8..
SEMIOTICS, ANTHROPOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY, CULTURAL STUDIES
1.The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans. __________
2.Interdisciplinary field concerned with the role of social institutions in the shaping of culture.__________
3.The theory and study of signs and symbols, especially as elements of language or other systems of communication, and comprising semantics.___________
4.The science that deals with mental processes and behaviour. __________
9. .
1.includes/ language/ religion/culture/ traditions/ behaviour/ way o life.
2.cultural norms/ how / in various situations/ consist of/ people/ expectations of/will behave.
3.methods/has/ each culture/ its norms/ of enforcing.
4.people/ interaction/ governs/ between/the sociological subsystem.
5.focus on/ cultural anthropologists/ symbolic culture.
6.subcultures/ sets of/ often/ or groups of people/ have/large/ with/ societies/ behaviour and beliefs/ distinct.
7.are /religion/ integral to / and other belief systems/ often/ a culture.
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1."If we spoke a different language, we would perceive a somewhat different world."
2."The manner of their living is very barbarous, because they do not eat at fixed times, but as often as they please." - Amerigo Vespucci
3."To have another language is to possess a second soul."
4."Those who know nothing of foreign languages, knows nothing of their own."
5."Man acts as though he were the shaper and master of language, while in fact language remains the master of man."
6."I do not call the soil under my feet my country; but language -- religion -- government -- blood - - identity in these makes men of one country."
7."The more I saw of foreign countries the more I loved my own."
UNIT 3. CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS
1. . - , ' , &
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Understand, are causing, is being thought, has withdrawn, have been misinterpreted, have made, are used, were used, had been confirmed, were being mixed, didn’t overlook, will be discussed, will have been repaid, shall be offended, was created.
PRESENT |
PAST |
FUTURE |
SIMPLE
PROGRESSIVE
PERFECT
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1.… (often, usually, always, sometimes, seldom) the elements of language are socially situated, the problems are discussed, cross-cultural communication is regulated, words are misinterpreted, metaphors are used, people are offended;
2.… now (at the moment of speech) the problem is being discussed, you know what is being thought and said, the car is being driven on the left side of the road;
2.… already, by now (by the moment of speech) a cultural conflict has been arisen, the norms of behaviour of people have been changed, he has been offended, the dispute has been resolved;
3.… last …, … ago, in 1997 (date) traditions were created long ago, last time he was listened attentively; the holiday was celebrated two day ago, Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847.
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1.Many cross-cultural communication misunderstandings (to cause) by the use of negative questions and answers. For example, the response to "Are you not coming?" may be 'yes', meaning 'Yes, I am not coming.'
2.Cross-cultural communication (to enhance) through taking turns to talk, making a point and then listening to the response.
3.If you are unsure whether something (to understand), write it down and check. This can be useful when using large figures. For example, a billion in the USA is 1,000,000,000,000 while in the UK it is 1,000,000,000.
4.When communicating across cultures never assume the other party (to understand). Be an active listener. Summarise what (to say) in order to verify it. This is a very effective way of ensuring accurate cross cultural communication (to take place).
5.Even the most well educated foreigner (not to have) a complete knowledge of slang, idioms and sayings. The danger (to be) that the words (to understand) but the meaning (to miss).
4. .
TEXT
CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS
The key to effective cross-cultural communication is knowledge. First, it is essential that people understand the potential problems of cross-cultural communication and make a conscious effort to overcome these problems. Second, it is important to assume that one’s efforts will not always be successful, and adjust one’s behaviour appropriately.
For example, one should always assume that there is a significant possibility that cultural differences are causing communication problems, and be willing to be patient and forgiving, rather than hostile and aggressive, if problems develop. One should respond slowly and carefully in crosscultural exchanges, not jumping to the conclusion that you know what is being thought and said.
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William Ury’s (Senior Fellow of the Harvard Negotiation Project) suggestion for heated conflicts is to stop, listen, and think, or as he puts it "go to the balcony" when the situation gets tense. By this he means withdraw from the situation, step back, and reflect on what is going on before you act. This helps in cross-cultural communication as well. When things seem to be going badly, stop or slow down and think. What could be going on here? Is it possible I misinterpreted what they said, or they misinterpreted me? Often misinterpretation is the source of the problem.
Active listening can sometimes be used to check this out–by repeating what one thinks he or she heard, one can confirm that one understands the communication accurately. If words are used differently between languages or cultural groups, however, even active listening can overlook misunderstandings.
Miscommunication between people happens all the time, especially when one of the parties is using a second language. Misunderstandings lead to doubt about the real intent of others.
Every country has its own communication style and habits. English speakers have the habit of using sport and military metaphors. They even use mixed metaphors and dead metaphors*. For example, they talk about “leveling the playing field” before they “charge straight in” to the “front line of operations”. They can “step up to the plate and grab the bull by the horns”. Americans like to use slang words and phrases that even other Americans don’t always understand. Japanese people do not like to refuse something, so they say that it will be discussed “later”. Later means never. French people can get easily offended. For example, every word has to have a French translation – e-mail, mail are too English, and so the word “courriel” was created. Germans love details and Italians don’t. And the list of generalized differences can go on and on.
English speakers can rapidly create bad impression by being inappropriately informal. Many cultures have a different concept of respect and formality. In many cultures people will only address others using personal names after several months – or not at all. Native English speakers from all countries generally address acquaintances on the first name basis faster than in some cultures. Americans are the champions with the general use of nick names. Beginning your conversation informally in many countries can be insulting.
* dead metaphors – #
5. .
1.What should people know for committing effective cross-cultural communication?
2.What can cultural differences cause?
3.What is the best recommendation to avoid a cross-cultural conflict?
4.What is the main reason of a cross-cultural conflict?
5.What is the most common type of situation when miscommunication between people happens? Why?
6.What new information have you learned about habits of English speakers?
6. .
1.There is a significant possibility that ______________.
2.The suggestion for heated conflicts is _____________.
3.If words are used differently between languages or cultural groups ________________.
4.Misunderstandings lead to ________________.
5.English speakers have the habit of ________________.
6.Americans like ______________.
7.Japanese people do not like ______________.
8.French people can ______________.
9.Many cultures have _____________.
10.Beginning your conversation informally ________________.
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1.By this he means withdraw from the situation, step back, and reflect on what is going on before you act.
2.When things seem to be going badly, stop or slow down and think.
3.What could be going on here?
4.Active listening can sometimes be used to check this out.
5.They can “step up to the plate and grab the bull by the horns”.
6.And the list of generalized differences can go on and on.
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1. to break down " « $ », « $ $»,
2. to break up, " " # " , « $», « $», « $ », « $ ».
3. to hang up “ $ ”.
4. to calm down " « $», « $».
5 to give up - # « $ » « $ ( -
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1.The police (calmed down, broke up) the fight.
2.The telephone system has (hung up, broken down).
3.Look, (give up, calm down)! We’ll find her.
4.Don’t (give up, break up) without even trying.
5.Don’t (break down, hang up), I haven’t finished talking to you!
6.The party (gave up, broke up) when the police arrived.
7.He (calmed down, broke down) and wept when he heard the news.
8.After I (hung up, broke up) I remembered what I’d wanted to say.
9.He took a few deep breaths (to calm down, to give up) himself.
10.I did want a holiday abroad, but we’ve had to (hang up, give up) the idea.
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