Материал: Uchebnik_dlya_sud_expertov

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1.Peter Parker is a teacher of ___________.

2.In his childhood he was interested in ______________.

3.He was always good at ____________ at school.

4.So he decided to take his degree in ___________.

5.Since then he has specialized in ____________.

6.He has found that one of the advantages of the job is that it enables him to____________.

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1.Why does forensic science extend into a broad range of sub-sciences?

2.What science deals with handwriting analysis and printmaking?

3.What science deals with the study and interpretation of language for use as legal evidence?

4.What does criminalistics deal with?

5.What does forensic entomology assist in?

6.What is forensic pathology?

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WHAT IS FORENSIC SCIENCE?

Forensic science is typically just referred to as "forensics" and is the practical application of numerous sciences to solve legal system-related questions, which can include either a civil or criminal action or suit.

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The use of the term "forensics" in place of "forensic science" is actually a globally-accepted misnomer considering that the term "forensic" is effectually a synonym for "legal" or "pertaining to courts", from the root of Latin meaning.

Because it is now so closely scientific field, many dictionaries equate the word "forensics" with "forensic science."

Forensic science extends into a broad range of sub-sciences which utilize natural science techniques to obtain relevant criminal and legal evidence.

Forensic Accounting - the acquisition, interpretation and study of accounting - evidence. Digital Forensics (also known as Computing Forensics) - the retrieval, reconstruction and

interpretation of digital media (i.e. images, PDF's, e-mail messages, etc.) stored on a computer, for use as evidence.

Forensic Document Examination - the reconstruction, study and interpretation of physical document-related evidence, such as handwriting analysis and printmaking.

Forensic Economics - the acquisition, study and interpretation of evidence related to economic damage, which includes determination of lost benefits and earnings, business value and profit loss, lost household service value, labor replacement and future medical expense costs, etc.

Forensic Engineering - the reconstruction, study and interpretation of structural or mechanical failure or in devices, buildings, etc.

Forensic Linguistics - the study and interpretation of language for use as legal evidence. Forensic Origin and Cause- the study, interpretation and identification of a fire for the ex-

press purpose of determining the cause of ignition and origin of the fire (i.e. arson cases).

Forensic Photography - the art-science of reconstructing, interpreting and producing an accurate photographic reproduction of a crime scene for a court's benefit.

Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry - the study, evaluation and identification of mentallyrelated illnesses and human behavior for the purpose of obtaining legal evidence.

Forensic Anthropology is the practice of physical anthropology, as applied to a legal situationtypically the identification and recovery of skeletonized human remains (bones).

Criminalistics is the application of combination of impression evidence (i.e. fingerprints, impressions left by footwear and tire tracks), trace evidence, controlled substances. Criminalistics includes evidence collected from a wide range of sciences to determine the answers of questions relating to the examination and comparison of criminal investigations. This evidence is typically processed in a crime lab.

Forensic Biology includes performing DNA and serological analysis of bodily (physiological) fluids for the purpose of individualization and identification.

Forensic Entomology assists in determining time and location of death, by examining how insects relate to human remains, and can often times determine if the body being examined was moved after death.

Forensic Geology is the application of trace evidence found in soils, minerals and petroleums, as applied to a legal setting.

Forensic Meteorology is an analysis of prior weather conditions, specific to the site being examined.

Forensic Odontology is the study of teethspecifically, the uniqueness of dentition. Forensic Pathology combines the disciplines of medicine and pathology, as applied to a le-

gal inquiry, to determine the cause of injury or death.

Forensic Toxicology is the study, evaluation and identification of the effects of poisons, chemicals, or drugs in and on the human body.

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documents, firearms, and tool marks. Most commonly, however, criminalistics refers to the myriad of types of physical evidence generated by crime scenes. This includes illicit drugs, blood and

DNA, fire and explosive residues, hairs and fibers, glass and soil particles, paints and plastics, fingerprints, bullets, and much more.

Pathology

When some people think of forensic science, they envision dead bodies, autopsies, and blood everywhere. Not all of forensic science is like this, but forensic pathology is. The forensic pathologist is a medical doctor who has specialized in pathology and then in forensic pathology.

Forensic pathologists determine the cause and manner of death in cases where someone dies under suspicious or other circumstances as prescribed by state law. Many people are also confused by the terms cause of death and manner of death. The cause of death is the event that directly caused death. It could be, for example, a heart attack or bleeding to death from a knife wound to a major artery. There can be many causes of death. The manner of death is the type of death.

There can be only four of these: homicide, natural, accidental, and suicide.

Anthropology

Forensic anthropologists work with skeletal remains. They identify bones as being human or animal. If animal, they determine the species. If human, they determine from what part of the body the bone originated. If they have the right bones, gender can be determined. Sometimes age can be approximated, and racial characteristics determined; even socioeconomic status may be estimated. If there is an injury to a skeleton or major bones, the anthropologist can help determine the cause of the injury or even death.

Forensic anthropologists do other things besides identifying bones. They also work closely with skulls. It is possible to literally build a face onto a skull, using clay and wooden or plastic pegs of various sizes. Using charts that give average tissue depth figures for various parts of a face, an anthropologist constructs a face and then makes judgments as to eye, nose, and mouth characteristics. Facial reconstruction can be useful in helping to identify a missing person from the face built up on the recovered skull.

Engineering

Forensic engineers can be valuable in cases where something has gone wrong with a mechanical or structural entity or in cases of automobile crashes. A few years ago, a balcony collapsed in the lobby of a hotel in Kansas City. Many people were on the balcony at the time, watching a rock concert going on in the lobby several stories below. Questions arose about why the balcony collapsed. Forensic engineers were called in to examine the structural remains of the balcony and the concrete that fell. They concluded that the construction of the balcony was faulty and contributed to its failure. Failure analysis is one of the major contributions that forensic engineers make to the justice system.

The majority of the work of forensic engineers is in the investigation of traffic crashes.

Accident reconstruction is used to determine speeds, directions of impact, and who was driving the vehicle at the time of the crash. Insurance companies and police departments use forensic engineers quite extensively in traffic incident investigation.

Entomology

When a person dies and the body is exposed to the elements, who gets there first? Not witnesses or detectives: it is flies, usually blowflies. During the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City (Terry Nichols and Timothy McVeigh were convicted of the bombing), bodies were buried in the tons of rubble from the collapsed building. Investigators literally followed the flies into the rubble and were able to locate some bodies this way. Flies and other insects lay their eggs in decaying flesh. Different insects do this at different times. Other insects such as beetles and wasps will attack and feed off the insects and the eggs. Depending upon temperature and other environmental factors, this parade of visitors takes place at surprisingly consistent time intervals. By inspecting the corpse, forensic entomologists can give a pretty good estimate of

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the postmortem interval, that is, whether the body has been there for many hours or several days.

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Models: a) I fully agree with the statement.

b)I am afraid, I can’t agree with it.

1.Forensic science means science applied to criminal and civil law.

2.Criminalistics refers to the many types of physical evidence generated by crime scenes.

3.Criminalistics excludes fire and explosive residues.

4.The forensic pathologist is a medical doctor who has specialized in forensic psychology and psychiatry.

5.The cause of death is the type of death.

6.If anthropologists have the right bones, gender can be determined.

7.An anthropologist constructs a face and then makes judgments as to the appearance of the person.

8.The majority of the work of forensic engineers is in the investigation of the cases of environmental pollution.

9.By inspecting the corpse, forensic entomologists can give a pretty good reason of the death.

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1.Criminalistics - fingerprints, questioned documents,___________________

2.Pathology - dead bodies, autopsies,_________________________________

3.Anthropology - skeletal remains,___________________________________

4.Engineering - a mechanical or structural entity, _______________________

5.Entomology - flies, blowflies, _____________________________________

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Definition of Forensic Science 1

Forensic science is the application of natural sciences to matters of the law. In practice, forensic science draws upon physics, chemistry, biology, and other scientific principles and methods. Forensic science is concerned with the recognition, identification, individualization, and evaluation of physical evidence. Forensic scientists present their findings as expert witnesses in the court of law. (Midwest Forensics Resource Center at the U.S. Dept. of Energy)

Definition of Forensic Science 2

The word “forensic” means “pertaining to the law”; forensic science resolves legal issues by applying scientific principles to them.

(Hall Dillon, Bureau of Labor Statistics)

Definition of Forensic Science 3

Forensic science is a multidisciplinary subject used for examining crime scenes and gathering evidence to be used in prosecution of offenders in a court of law. Forensic science techniques are also used to examine compliance with international agreements regarding weapons of mass destruction.

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