Материал: Uchebnik_dlya_sud_expertov

The main areas used in forensic science are biology, chemistry, and medicine, although the science also includes the use of physics, computer science, geology, and psychology. Forensic scientists examine objects, substances (including blood or drug samples), chemicals (paints, explosives, toxins), tissue traces (hair, skin), or impressions (fingerprints or tidemarks) left at the crime scene. The majority of forensic scientists specialize in one area of science.

(Gale Encyclopedia of Espionage and Intelligence)

Definition of Forensic Science 4

Forensic science is the scientific analysis and documentation of evidence suitable for legal proceedings. Many people have heard the term “forensics” used to describe school debate clubs. There is a similarity between these two forms of the word. In academic forensics, political or other issues are debated between two teams using a logical approach, and likewise in forensic science the debate (or comparison) is between the physical evidence and the known or suspected circumstances about an event.

Forensic scientists determine scientific facts from the evidence they evaluate and may testify as expert witnesses in civil or criminal courts or other legal proceedings. It is the responsibility of the lawyers, judges, and juries to prosecute, defend, and judge the guilt or innocence of an individual accused of wrongdoing. It is the responsibility of the forensic scientist to present the scientific facts in a fair, objective manner based on accepted scientific methods to facilitate the decision. (Hamilton County Forensic Center)

Definition of Forensic Science 5

Forensic science is the recognition, collection, identification, individualization, and interpretation of physical evidence, and the application of science and medicine for criminal and civil law, or regulatory purposes.

(McGraw-Hill Science &Technology Dictionary)

10. + ! ( 9 # -

! 8, & ! &

! (120-150 ). + -

$ , # :

1) (and, also, apart from, besides, further more, in addition to, moreover, simultaneously, thus, too, ...),

2)(as if, in the same way, in like manner, like, similarly, ...),

3)(accordingly, as, because, consequently, hence, once, since, therefore, as long as,

owing to, ...),

4) (alternatively, although, but if, however, nevertheless, otherwise, in spite of, on the other hand, ...),

5)(except, impossible, occasionally, only, unless, if, only when, ...),

6)(conclude, confirm, consider, reduce, imagine, suppose, in principle,

it follows, ...),

UNIT 3. FORENSIC JOBS AND EDUCATION

1..

1.Does forensic science require a definite level of education in a definite area of science?

2.What should students decide early in the college?

251

3.Do investigation of crimes and analyzing evidence require the same type of education?

4.How long should students study to earn a Bachelor Degree?

5.Can undergraduates with B.S. degree apply for a job?

6.What are the advantages of MSFS graduate program?

7.How long does MSFS program last?

8.Is it easy for Bachelors to compete with Masters?

It is good to start planning early for any career, especially in forensic science. Forensic science is an interesting field since it spans so many areas, with each area requiring a different education path. Prospective students are most confused when trying to figure out what type of work a real forensic scientist actually does. Unfortunately, students must decide early in college whether they are interested in the lab side of forensic science or the investigative side. Investigating crimes and analyzing evidence in the lab are closely related areas of work, but most of the time each requires a different type of education.

In college, there are a couple choices to make. First, some colleges offer an undergraduate degree in forensic science. A B.S. in forensic science is basically a chemistry or biology degree with some classes covering forensic applications and criminal justice mixed in. The other undergraduate option is to complete a chemistry or biology degree at a 4-year university. After completing an undergraduate B.S. degree, you can start applying for forensic science lab jobs, or attend a 2- year MSFS (Master of Sciences in Forensic Science) graduate program. The advantages of completing a MSFS degree are that graduates can better compete for entry level jobs and graduates will be qualified for eventual promotions to supervisory positions. You will notice that MSFS students still enter crime labs at the entry level. This is one reason why it may be more difficult for a student with just a B.S. degree to find employment since they are competing with MSFS graduates.

2. , .

7.& & &

3., ! & # $# ! -

, ! , ! ! ! ! -

.

Today I'm going to talk about...

In this presentation, I'd like to tell you a little bit about...

The first/key thing to say about __________ is...

The main point to make about __________ is...

Now let's look at...

Let's turn to/move on to ...

Another interesting thing to say about__________ is ...

Finally, I'd like to say a few words about...

In conclusion,... ; To sum up,...

So, remember that……..is all about…….. , __, and …

Does anybody have any questions?

252

I/study/English/five years/now.

2. ____________________________________________________________

June/this year/sit/First Certificate examination/University of Cambridge/hope/pass/good grade. 3. ____________________________________________________________

Also/expect/obtain/High School Certificate/about/same time/high marks/particularly/biology. 4. _____________________________________________________________

Ambition/enter/London University/due course/read for/degree/biology.

5. ______________________________________________________________

Realize/necessary/G.C.E./qualify/entrance/university.

6. ______________________________________________________________

Very much hope/accepted/your college/prepare/G.C.E./Chemistry/Biology/English/too. 7. ______________________________________________________________

Would like/start/early autumn/not/waste time.

8. ______________________________________________________________

Perhaps/add father and mother/both/doctors/so/brought up/scientific environment. 9. ______________________________________________________________

Grateful/you sent/official application form/and inform/other information/required. 10. _____________________________________________________________

Yours faithfully,

(Signature)

6. . -

.

a) microscopic examining b) evidence c) analysis d) scene of a crime e) forensic scientists f) the data interpretation g) the suspect h) a report

Simply stated, forensic scientists study the details of a crime and report their findings to a court of law. To do this, ____1____perform physical and chemical analyses on criminal

____2_____ submitted by the police or other law enforcement agencies. The physical evidence may be found at the ____3_____, on a victim, or both. Regardless, forensic scientists use a variety of problem-solving methods, mathematical principles, complex instruments, and ____4____ techniques to explain the intricacies of each piece of evidence from a case. Some forensic scientists work in laboratories, while others conduct their analysis at the scene of the crime.

After analyzing the physical evidence, forensic scientists draw links between ____5_____, the victim, and the crime scene. For example, they may use physical evidence to determine the model, year, and even the identity of the owner of a car associated with a crime. Then, they explain the results of their ___6____and describe the methods they used to reach their conclusion

254

in____7____, which they will cite while providing testimony in court. Throughout this process, forensic scientists ensure that their examination of physical evidence is complete, tests are administered correctly, _____8____ is accurate, their report is clear and concise, and their testimony is truthful.

6..

1.What does a forensic scientist do?

2.What feature distinguishes forensic scientists from any other scientist?

3.Where do forensic scientists work?

4.Who is considered to be the grandfather of modern criminalistics?

5.What does a criminalist do?

6.What does a forensic generalist do?

7. What does an evidence technician do?

TEXT

WHAT IS A FORENSIC SCIENTIST?

A forensic scientist examines physical evidence and then testifies about the results of their findings in court. They are in fact defined by the expectation that they may give expert testimony about their examinations and further provide interpretations or opinions under oath. As explained in Thornton (1997): “The single feature that distinguishes forensic scientists from any other scientist is the certain expectation that they will appear in court and testify to their findings and offer an opinion as to the significance of those findings. The forensic scientist will testify not only to what things are, but to what things mean. Forensic science is science exercised on behalf of the law in the just resolution of conflict.”

A true forensic scientist is not a policeman, nor are they partial about the outcome of their examinations. They are objective investigators of scientific fact. Subsequently, a forensic scientist may work in a state run crime lab, or they many work in private practice.

There are different kinds of physical evidence, and subsequently there are different kinds of forensic scientists, all variously educated and trained.

The Austrian Jurist Dr. Hans Gross (born Johann Baptist Gustav Gross, 1847-1915), was one of the earliest forensic scientists of modern record. In his ground-breaking text, System Der Kriminalistik published in 1893, he is widely credited with coining the term "criminalistics". Dr. Gross is also widely regarded as the grandfather of modern criminalistics. A criminalist, by his usage, would have been one who studies crime, criminals, and the scientific methods of their identification, apprehension, and prosecution.

In modern use, the scope of the term criminalist has been greatly narrowed. It now refers only to a particular kind of forensic scientist who, according to the American Board of Criminalists (ABC), specializes in one or more of the following areas:

Forensic Biology (serology and/or DNA) Drug Analysis

Fire Debris Analysis

Trace Evidence (hairs, fibers, paints, & polymers).

A criminalist may or may not be board certified. They may also be trained in crime reconstruction related to their areas of specialized knowledge, though this is not always the case. Some may visit crime scenes on a regular basis, and some may never leave their lab station. Most modern criminalists will have a four-year degree of some kind, likely in a hard science like chemistry or biology. However, there are plenty of exceptions. Every lab and agency has their own unique policies and procedures about such things.

255