Материал: Крючков Фундаменталс оф Нуцлеар Материалс Пхысицал Протецтион 2011

The term “special communication” is used chiefly be cause of the need to protect information in the communication system.

Supporting systems

The term “supporting systems” gives a good notion o f what these systems are.

One illustrative example is the power supply system which is essential for operations of all the systems discussed above.

Another example is the lighting system which supports operations of the video surveillance system components (TV cameras).

More examples of supporting facilities and systems are the system of cable ducts that connect individual components in the above key systems, and structural elements (zone cabinets, etc.).

4.2. Physical barriers and organizational subsystem of the PPS

Physical barriers

Physical barriers (PB) have an important role in the PPS. A physical barrier is a physical obstacle that ensures the intruder delay to slow down the attacker’s movement to the target within the protected area.

In fact, it is not enough to receive an unauthorized action signal from a detection sensor or a component of the ACS. Another condition needs to be fulfilled to make so that the attacker action time (Тa) be longer than the response force action time (Тrf). It is important that the response force has a slack margin, that is, that the condition Тa > Тrf or Тrf = Тa – Тrf > 0 is fulfilled, where Тrf is the response force slack time.

Physical barriers have the purpose of delaying the attacker in every way possible and increasing Тa.

Physical barriers may be fixed and controlled.

Specifically, the following classes of physical barriers may be identified:

∙existing onsite physical barriers:

structural elements of buildings (walls, ceilings, doors); elements of the terrain and vegetation;

∙ artificial physical barriers: perimeter and local area fencing;

locks, meshes and reinforced doors in buildings and rooms; anti-ram facilities at vehicle access control points;

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create a great deal of problems to the normal site operations, while, in contrast, an excessively mild leader will cause poorer control of the NI, which will ultimately make it less physically protected.

A note should be made that modern physical protection systems have an increasingly great number of organizational functions vested nowadays in their hardware. Thus, modern AC systems rely on a “ two-person rule” based on a collective responsibility principle (including with respect to the opening of rooms and the activation of security modes for these) when a person watches the actions of another person to reduce the probability of unauthorized activities.

Here is one more example. A timer is built in the data acquisition and processing system, which is triggered the moment the alarm unit (AU) responds to an alarm. When reaching the destination, the AU should report so to make it possible to know the exact guard personnel movement times and, accordingly, the final time of Тrf.

References

1.Глебов В.Б., Измайлов А.В., Румянцев А.Н. Введение в системы учета, контроля и физической защиты ядерных материалов. М.:

МИФИ, 2001.

2.Измайлов А.В. Методы проектирования и анализа эффективности систем физической защиты ядерных материалов и установок. М.: МИФИ, 2002.

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CHAPTER 5

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF THE PPS DESIGN

The creation of complex systems is based on general concepts representative of systems of any nature, as well as on a number of specific principles that reflect the features of the given class of systems. The PPS features, as discussed hereinabove, define the set of specific concepts which are set forth below [1].

Zoning – defense in depth. This concept suggests the esta blishment of a system of guarded onsite areas enclosed one into another: a protected area, an inner area and a vital area (Fig. 5.1).

The protected area (PA) means the whole of the NI territory surrounded by physical barriers subject to continuous guarding and surveillance with access thereto being restricted and controlled. The inner area is inside the protected area (there may be more than one inner area). The inner area respectively includes the vital area (there may be also several vital areas). Safeguard measures become tougher from the outside to the physically protected items (PPI).

Here are some examples of such areas. If, as mentioned above, the protected area is the entire installation territory, the inner area (IA) may consist of buildings or separate parts of buildings within this territory, while rooms (clusters of rooms) inside buildings may be viewed as the vital area (VA).

The boundaries of the areas are equipped with engineered features with dedicated passages (drives) arranged therein for the authorized personnel access to the site. Clearly, requirements differ for the equipment of the areas and the boundaries thereof with engineered features and organizationally. Depending on the category of the physically protected item, this should be held within a particular area. For example, regulations require HEU to be held within the IA or the VA.

Of note is that areas may include additional EPPF-equipped barriers that are not on the area boundary and do not change the area status.

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